Freeing Jesus with Diana Butler Bass / Transcript

Note: Can I Say This at Church is produced for audio listening. If able, I strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which has inflection, emotion, sarcasm where applicable, and emphasis for points that may not come across well in written word. This transcript is generated using a combination of my ears and software, and may contain errors. Please check the episode for clarity before quoting in print.

Back to the Audio Episode


Diana Butler Bass 0:08

How we think of sin has a huge impact on how we think about Jesus as Savior. So if you think that you're wretched from your birth, and that there's no good in you, and that you're a terrible miserable worm, who doesn't even deserve a shred of love, the idea of Jesus as a savior who comes into the world to overcome your nothingness and make you something in the image of God; so that you can then be saved is theologically make sense it's very compelling. But if you keep that view of sin, you're never going to do anything about that view of Jesus. That is that Jesus is just you know, the sacrificial Son of God are this you know, sort of glorious being who is so different than us who deigns to love us and all this kind of language of really sort of “Christ superiority”. But the text is really rather different, you know, the gospels show a different story.

Seth Price 1:33

Hey, there, everybody. Welcome back. I'm Seth, this is the show. I'm glad you're here. Now, then, it's been a while since I did this. And honestly, I hate that sometimes I do. But I did want to give just a quick couple PSA. So did you know that each and every episode, as best as I can, is transcribed, there are 15 or 16 that are not transcribed. And I'm working on those. But I'm doing my best to ensure that this show is accessible to as many ears, eyes, minds, people as possible. Did you also know that there are so many other things that go into this show? The biggest aspect of that is time. And yeah…so here is a plea, I need your help to continue to grow in a way that is sustainable. If you have gotten anything out of any of these free episodes of this show from any of the guests, or maybe from me, but probably from the guest, I need you to consider supporting the show over on Patreon. And you'll find links in the transcript right here. Or you can go down to the show notes or the website or there's so many ways. And I get it if some of you can't, if you can hit the button. I appreciate it.

Now then, Diana Butler Bass has been a favorite of mine for a long time. She writes well, she speaks well, she is hilariously sarcastic on social media, which I absolutely love. And she's written a new book; now it's been years since I've spoken with her. But Diane is one of the first people that ever came on the show. And that group of people hold a special place for me because those people were fuel to a confidence fire that I think was needed for myself. Either way, so she wrote a new book called Freeing Jesus, and I'm not sure how to describe it. And this book that she's written it's full of wonderful stories and some heartbreaking ones. But it is a story about how you can still be a Christian in a world that seems disillusioned with any work on who Jesus is, and seems to be entirely worried about you just believing what I believe; or I believe what you believe, or we believe what our neighbors believe. And we're all terrified to talk about it.

So I'm gonna stop rambling. I think that's what I'm doing. And I'm gonna roll the tape for Diana Butler Bass. Here we go everyone.

Seth Price 4:50

(in laughter)

Yeah, my kids will say “you're different in the morning than you are in the evening.” And I'm like, “Well, I'm tired. And you know,”

Diana Butler Bass 4:56

So is the sun. You know? (Laugh from both)

Seth Price 5:00

I like that. All right, well, let's get going. Dianna Bass. Welcome back to the show. I don't think I've spoken to you since like 2018, something like that. It's been a while. But I will thank you. I don't think I've ever told you this before. So you are among like the first 10 or 15 people that ever said, “Sure. I'll come on to some no name podcast”. And it's people like you that gave me confidence to continue to do a podcast. So it's been too many years. But welcome back. I'm glad you're here.

Diana Butler Bass 5:28

Well, that was in the pre-pandemic days, huh long, long ago.

Seth Price 5:35

That was even pre-Trump days. I think you were, I think when you were on, we talked about writing a book on gratitude during the election, as you're like, like, I remember you talking about that. But again, it's been a long time since I've even listened to that episode. But say it's been some time. It's been some time.

Diana Butler Bass 5:53

Well, congratulations for staying with it. And I know that your audience has grown. I see, you know, chatter about your podcast and different social media. So good for you.

Seth Price 6:03

I should get in social media more. I get in, I like things I get off. I can't, it makes me angry. But yeah, I enjoy doing it their worst hobbies, I could waste money on golf or something else. Instead, I read books about God. So there are worse things that you could do. So however, I frame these a little bit different, I script a lot less questions, because I don't know, maybe I'm more confident in myself, doesn't matter. But whom would you say you are? Like when I say what is it who is Diana Bass what is that? What do you answer to that?

Diana Butler Bass 6:35

Um, you know, it's a funny question, because in some ways, I open the book with the question, the apostle Paul asked to Jesus, who are you? And I make the point, in that part of the book, that Jesus really doesn't answer the question. Instead, all we have to go on is Paul's experience of Jesus over time. And it's almost as if Paul's trying to answer that question for his whole life. And I thought about that, of course, in relationship to Jesus for the book that we're going to talk about in a moment. But I also thought about it in relationship to my own life. And that is, do we ever really know ourselves?

As a writer, a big part of the spiritual quest, that I would say that I've been on, is to understand who I am in this world and what my calling is. And I just turned 62 not very long ago, just a couple weeks ago. And it's very surprising to me, that at 62, I'm still asking myself that question. Because you would think that I would know the answer. (we both laugh) You know, I mean, the basics are always there. You know, I'm Diana, I'm a writer, a gardener, a mom, a wife, and you know, I love books and ideas. I'm a teacher. And I say those things that almost sounds like those are things I do. But the truth of the matter is, is that every one of those signifiers that sounds like an activity, a writer, a gardener, a mom, a wife, it's far more than something I just do. Those are the things that emerge from my engagement with others and the world, with love. And so they wind up being who I am, as well as what I do.

Seth Price 8:39

Yeah, your gardener comment makes me want to ask you a question. I'm gonna ask it, but don't feel obligated to answer it. My wife bought tulips for Easter, because we had some family over because we're all vaccinated. And we're like, cool, let's let's do this. And I'm like, I felt like we should plant these outside. But it's Virginia. And it's still April. And there was frost on the ground this morning, but the high is 80 and I know it's gonna kill them. Don't answer that, because I don't want to talk about gardening. But that was what popped up in my head. I'm like, I really want to save these tulips because don't I think they come back every year. However I don't. Anyway, I'll figure it out.

Diana Butler Bass 9:11

This is what we get for a living in the northern most part of the South.

Seth Price 9:16

It's awful. Like my son wanted to plant, we built a huge garden last year and a big compost bin and that type of stuff, because we needed things to do. And he's like, “Let's plant potatoes”. Like, when…when do we…do we plan on now? When do we plant potatoes? I have no idea when we plant potatoes, but let's go buy some and plant potatoes. Which we did last year, and we ate them all. I love that we made homemade french fries and…

Diana Butler Bass 9:38

Oh wonderful. So they worked.

Seth Price 9:41

Yeah, it was great. They were baby potatoes, but it's probably because we don't know what we're doing or I don't know it doesn't matter. They still were edible. So you referenced your book, which is called Freeing Jesus and then it has the one of the longer subtitles I've seen in some time, Rediscovering Jesus as friend, teacher, Savior, Lord, Way and Presence which if memory serves those are the titles of the chapters, except for the last one, but we'll get there. So why…all right, so there are countless books, what made you sit down and say, we need another book on Jesus, because I haven't figured out yet if this is theology, or memoir, or a blending of the two, and how those two kind of interplay, but what's kind of the story with this text?

Diana Butler Bass 10:26

the truth of the matter is, I never sat down and said, I'm going to write a book about Jesus, as a matter of fact, of all of the subjects I ever thought I would tackle as a writer, Jesus was at the very bottom of the list. And part of my rationale for that is, you know, I have a PhD in church history. And so my specialty area is American Religion. And I'm still pretty sensitive even though I've not been in the formal Academy for many years, I'm still pretty sensitive about people's areas of expertise. And I have so many friends who are New Testament scholars, or who are scholars of early Christianity. And so I always felt when I was with any of those friends, like, this is not something I can write about. You know, I can write with confidence, a lot of confidence, about religious trends and religion and politics and how religion functions in 19th & 20th century America. I mean, there's all kinds of things that I feel like I know, intellectually, really well.

But as far as knowing the biblical, theological, source material for writing a book about Jesus, it was a little scary. So it came about, mostly, because I was going to write a sort of a longer project on theology. And it was going to be a far more general project, almost like a theological handbook for people who no longer were comfortable in church, or people who felt like they wanted to leave church or have left church to explore, you know, how you could approach different theological issues, even though you might not be part of a formal institution anymore. So it was going to be that kind of book, and kind of a map, as it were to the theology. And when I started the project, I just decided, oh, I'm gonna write the chapter on Jesus first. I don't know why I thought that there's any number, I could have written a chapter on creation first, that might have made more sense, especially with some of my former work.

But I just sat down at my desk, it was in the summer of 2019. So it was the summer before the pandemic began. And I just started writing. And I wrote and I wrote and I wrote, I wound up writing something like 60-70-80 pages, it was a lot of pages on Jesus. (Seth laughs) Yeah, you think the subtitle is long! And as I was writing, I realized, Oh, my gosh, you know, this is not a handbook to doctrine I'm writing a book about Jesus. So I called my publisher and told them that we had sort of a little back and forth. And lo and behold, that's where it came from.

Seth Price 13:35

Yeah. Are you still going to write that? Because I will go back to your other book? Because I think I saw I don't know if it's based on census data or what it's based on. But like, overall, I guess Western Christianity is now like below the majority. And I don't even know where that number is. I saw the results the other day, and I can't remember the data from that. I think that's still needed. Maybe?

Diana Butler Bass 13:58

Yeah, you know, I saw those polls too. And in a very real way my work since 2012, has been around that coming tsunami of demographic change regarding people's religious affiliation. And the poll that you saw is a pretty simple one. It just showed that in the year 2019, because this was the data crunching that happened during 2020. We haven't seen the 2020 data yet. It's always about a 14 month lag period on this kind of data. So on that the data, the most recent data available, the percentage of people who identify as religious people who attend a church, synagogue, mosque, temple, etc. has slipped to being underneath 47% of the population under 50%.

Seth Price 14:56

So 47% for I think, Republican white, evangelicals in the Southern Baptists, those numbers apparently climbed, which I found really interesting.

Diana Butler Bass 15:06

I have to go look at that, because it's interesting because white, Republican, Southern Baptists, evangelicals have been for the last 10 years in decline, pretty steep decline. So they might have had an up year. But that's in the overall trend of a lot of erosion. So the numbers show, whatever the case of the numbers, they show a pattern that has now going on for 15, almost 20 years, and that is at first (this) slow and now precipitous decline into being a multi-religious pluralistic society with an incredible number of people who are secular humanists, or just religiously uninterested. So that's a big change, you know, and, and that's a…

Seth Price 15:58

So the answer is yes, then you're gonna write that book?

Diana Butler Bass 16:02

Oh, you know, I don't know if I'm gonna write that book, per se. I don't know if you've seen it yet. Part of the reason why I'm really glad I didn't write that book is because my friend Brian McLaren, sort of wrote this book.

Seth Price 16:16

I have that book. I haven't read it. And I can't remember the title…it is over there. I can't, but I know what what you're talking about. I have it. I haven't read it yet. I want it's on the list.

Diana Butler Bass 16:25

It's called Faith After Doubt.

Seth Price 16:27

Yes, and is green or teal?

Diana Butler Bass 16:29

Brian and I were working on these projects at the same time, we're very good friends. And I did not realize that he was writing a larger project on basically theology. And he didn't realize I was writing this project on Jesus. But when people read the two books together, we've already gotten so many comments. It's like, “Oh, these two books are, like, cousins”. (we both laugh)

They are. So I think that the project of the general theology is probably have been at least put it rest for a while by this book, which does have a lot of theology in it.

Seth Price 17:08

It does. So what are you freeing Jesus from? What is that?

Diana Butler Bass 17:12

I'm freeing Jesus from a lot of different things, I'm freeing Jesus from some of the accretions that have been put on Jesus, in terms of just just absolutely rigid church interpretations. You know, there are some of us who still do go to church. And one of the things that happens often in churches were handed a plate of approved interpretations of Jesus week after week after week after week. And the struggle, I think, for some people is what happens when your own experience and those interpretations don't mesh. And so this project, in many ways, is to open the doors and let regular folks say the way that they've experienced Jesus matters. So that's one thing that I'm freeing Jesus from. But then certainly the other thing that I'm praying Jesus from the church is that the church is not the only institution responsible for putting reduce sort of narratives around Jesus that are hard to live with.

There's a cultural narrative around Jesus in the United States. And that narrative is very simple. The narrative is the idea that Jesus is absolutely the divine Son of God whom God sent into the world in order that Jesus would die on the cross for the sins of every person. And that you have to accept that Jesus in your heart, be born again, and you're going to be saved forever and go to heaven. And so when most Americans think about Jesus, they think about that theology. And they think about, you know, people holding up John 3:16 signs at football games, or Jesus Saves signs at insurrections at the nation's capitol. And in both of those cases, boy, if Jesus doesn't mind getting freed from that set of interpretations, there will be nothing left of Jesus. In another 20 years.

Seth Price 19:16

I want to lean on that sin part. So there's a part in here in your chapter on Savior where you say

Eastern theologians understood creation is good and maintained that the original goodness had been disordered and obscured but not destroyed by sin.

Then you go on to talk about Adam’s sin as a propensity to sin. And then you talk about how the Western Church has mostly spoon fed what you told me of you were born wretched, can't stand to be in your presence, and that's why. So, how do you dissect that a bit? Because when I talk about religion to people, first off, my views on Heaven and Hell are slightly different than most people's, and as well as I don't like penal substitutionary atonement, which is a much fancier way of saying what you're kind of getting at here. But what how are you freeing Jesus from that? And then what role does Jesus then play when we're talking about salvation?

Diana Butler Bass 20:08

The narrative about sin is one of the major narratives throughout the book. And it really, truly, was the case in my life that part of the inhibitions that I felt toward being completely free was this story about Original Sin, and the pervasiveness of sin. And so there were several junctures, I think, all of which I relate in the narrative, where I had to look at that story about what happened in Genesis 2, 3and 4 in an entirely different way, I'll tell you, if I was going to write a book, a different book, on a particular doctrinal issue, I'd probably write on Genesis 1-4 which I think are probably for the most important chapters in the Bible.

So my struggle with sin, what kept happening is that people kept telling me, you know, that I was really truly evil. And when you tell a person, especially a woman, or a person of color, or someone who is otherwise marginalized, in our society, a gay person, transgender person, that they're, you know, they're just wretched, they're evil, they're not worth anything. It reinforces all of the hierarchies of privilege that we have in Western culture. And it's, those doctrines of sin have functioned to keep people who are at lower levels of the social pyramid in their place. And, so, I think there's been just a tremendously negative effect of those doctrines of sin on Western culture.

So a lot of people in other parts, you know, other parts of the Christian hierarchical pyramid, who aren't at the top have chafed against that vision. And yet it's within that same sort of structure, or that chafing against that structure, that so many people who are sort of left out of the social conversation have actually found Jesus. I mean, it's one of the most sort of stunning things in say, African American experience in the United States.

I was just looking at a set of tweets by a fella named Dante Stuart on Twitter. He's a black man. And he was saying you're part of the quest of black theology. It's not just to resist white supremacy, it's not just to, you know, tell white Christianity, that it's wrong. But it's to give an authentic voice to the experience of black America with Jesus and with God.

And that authentic voice questions, you know, things like that view of sin? And certainly women have questioned that view of sin through feminist theology for a half century now. So the short answer to that is how we think of sin has a huge impact on how we think about Jesus as Savior. So if you think that you're wretched from your birth, and that there's no good in you and that you're a terrible, miserable worm, who doesn't even deserve a shred of love, the idea of Jesus as a Savior who comes into the world to overcome your nothingness and make you something in the image of God so that you can then be saved. Now, it's theologically make sense it's very compelling. But if you keep that view of sin, you're never going to do anything about that view of Jesus. That Jesus is just you know, the sacrificial Son of God or this you know, sort of glorious being who is so different than us who deigns to love us and all this kind of language of really sort of Christ superiority.

But the text is really rather different you know, the gospels are show a different story. They show a guy who came out and came from God and was born into this world and hung out with really strange people. Who, critics said, hey, look at that guy! He hangs out with drunkards and tax collector. And so the Jesus of the New Testament is really rather different than, oftentimes, the Jesus of our theological cultural imaginations. And so to get back to that, you know, I think is really important is to say, well, who is this Jesus really? How do my stories fit with that big story that the church has told? Am I awkward with it, I rejected it. Is my story corrected by that the big stories, etc, so that the sin pieces, probably the most significant theological aspect of this book?

Seth Price 26:03

Do you feel as though, I've asked this question a couple different ways, a couple different times, but if fear is like that stick, or that switch of how you're training a horse and the right way to go, or the bridle or whatever, I don't ride horses, but you know what I mean? Do you feel as though our faith is prepared to allow that to go away? Because, I feel like it becomes…people often say that I'm focused on the wrong things, because they're worried about saving from something. Like they need to be rescued from something and I'm like, no, we're supposed to be doing something. Do you feel as though organized religion, or faith, is prepared to take away that fear of original sin, especially as the churches related to it?

Diana Butler Bass 26:51

Well, no institution is ever prepared to give up fear as a motivator. You know, I think that you can see that in our education system. You have to pass certain kinds of benchmarks or you're not going to go to college, and you're going to be poor for the rest of your life. So fear becomes one of the ways that we motivate students to succeed. Same thing in politics, is that you terrify your base voters that, you know, the other side is, you know, horrible, they're gonna take away all your money, what have you. And so you keep them from voting for the other guy by creating a culture of fear. And religion, you know, institutional religion does the same.

So in that sense in as far as churches are human institutions, I fully expect fear, to continue on as a motivating factor for quite some time. But the interesting piece of it is that people are letting go of it on their own. I mean, I think those statistics help to show that is there some, you know, there's a theological rebellion of some sort brewing that shows up in those statistics. And it's not just “oh, I don't believe in God anymore”, or I don't like the church or, you know, I'm angry at corruption. There are theological questions at the basis of people leaving church about issues that have never been well addressed by Christianity in particular.

And so, you know, I think that one of the issues is this issue of sin is that people now are kind of looking in the mirror and they're saying to themselves, you know, this particular vision of the doctrine of sin: one, it doesn't really fit with my life, and two, if I did embrace it, and I tell stories about this in the book, if I did embrace it, it became self abuse. And, you know, I've seen lots of people talk about how the darkest visions of human nature lent themselves toward being unhealthy mentally. And that certainly was part of the case for me.

So I think that there is a questioning of that set of doctrines going on and people are just saying, Okay, well, if the doctrine is on, I'm a sinner from my birth, and that there is no health in me and that Adam, and Eve had sex and past sin through every human being through our DNA

Seth Price 29:41

(sarcastically) 6000 years ago.

Diana Butler Bass 29:43

(With laughter) Right! 6000 years ago! You know, I don't believe that, you know, and people are literally saying, I don't believe that. So the good news and all of this is that there have actually been other Christian options and some of those options are in Eastern Christianity. Some of those options are more in the African American tradition, some of those options are found and traditions that were actually deemed heretical by the church. And it’s because the church wanted to control this doctrine, because if they didn't control it they couldn't control human beings.

Seth Price 30:21

I want to ask you to freestyle a bit. And feel free to punt the question if you don't want to, because it's not in the book. But I found myself at the end, wondering if you were to write another chapter, I would like it to focus on freeing Jesus from prosperity. like the prosperity gospel. So I'm curious if you have anything just that comes to mind when you're like, yeah, if I was gonna try to address that, here's the angle that I would approach because I feel like that is America's Original Sin; the ability to manifest wealth and Jesus is on our side…and that's why we're loaded. And that's why we're able to spend so much money and waste so much money instead of loving human beings. Are you willing to try to tackle that even though I know it's not a chapter in there. (Diana laughs)

Diana Butler Bass 31:07

I think I'm laughing because that more or less was a theme in my last book. In the book I wrote about gratitude, and the book is called Grateful. And in that book, I sort of I kick against both the prosperity gospel it within Christianity, but it's also a book that's more widely written towards a mixed audience, people who are Christians, people who are not. And the other piece of that is that there's not only Christian prosperity gospels, but there are secular prosperity Gospels. And gratitude has often been part of that. The idea is, if you're really, it's like, weird, but the idea is, if you're grateful for what you have, you'll get more. And so gratitude becomes a strange sort of mechanism into health and wealth.

And so in the last book, I wrote, I do talk about that very directly. And, you know, I want to just sort of put these two pieces together a little bit. Because even though I don't hold the ideas of original sin in the way that I know, certain streams of Western Christianity want me to hold those options. I also don't deny the existence of evil and of real sin. And that's been the sort of the false dichotomy that's been put out, especially in the last century, or century and a half. And the false dichotomy is something like this. Well, if you don't believe in original sin how can you explain the fact of the 20th century when there were two world wars and Stalin's genocide and all of these terrible things that happened, you know, and on and on and on. And the 20th century was an incredibly violent century with, you know, massive death, and especially the Holocaust. I mean, it's just, it's a…it's a brutal century. And so people say, isn't the 20th century in and of itself completely an example of original sin? And so if you don't believe in original sin, then you must be just sort of turning your head and not really understanding what happened historically.

And I think that's just really false. I think that that's a bad narrative. Because you can understand what happened with all of that violence and sin in the 20th century without appealing to a gene that's manipulated through sexual intercourse, that's been passed down through the human race, you know, since Adam and Eve. And the way you can explain this, quite simply, it's actually the simple way that the Jews have explained this same, you know, sort of story, the same textual tradition. And the way that Jews talk about it is that sin and evil continue in the world and it's a result of human choice.

Badly formed conscience.

When people go against what they know that they are actually supposed to do, and they make the wrong moral choice. And what happens, in Jewish theology and these alternative streams of Christian theology, is the idea that if you get enough human beings over a long enough time making terrible choices, is that we become born into a world that's like, polluted with evil, it's like drinking from a polluted stream. And so it doesn't mean you're evil, but it means that you are taking into yourself, because of the environment, this, you know, really mucky, horrible water that makes you sick. And so the quest then becomes, of course, is to find that life giving stream; is to be able to understand how polluted the environment is, and do something about it.

Seth Price 35:37

Yeah. And do something, perhaps make choices that further shalom, instead of missing the mark. And I know I just blended Old Testament and Greek translation of New Testament for sin, it's okay. I own that.

Diana Butler Bass 35:50

No! It is completely legitimate because I'm pretty sure it's what Jesus did.

Seth Price 35:58

(Both break out in laughter)

That's a compliment for the day! That's why I put on the tie, Diana. That's it! So I forget what chapter it is in here. But you talk about as Jesus…it's literally what you just took in there like Jesus as prophet and priest, and you talk about him is I think it's in the chapter on teacher where there's like, a decade between him teaching people as a child in the synagogues, and then coming back later. What are we as followers that read the, hopefully, read the Bible and other scriptures what are we supposed to do when we're accused of heresy? And that's what people say, like, well, you're just twisting this to make it fit what it needs to fit for today, fit for the narrative. Because I get accused of that often. And then I read you saying that you're like, “Yeah, but that's, that's what the prophets do”. You know, I mean, like, how do those two relate? Because I struggle to answer that question very well, outside of, I just, that's just how I see Jesus?

Diana Butler Bass 36:55

One of the things that comforts me is the knowledge, and this again is the firmer ground of church of being trained as a church historian, is that nearly every significant person who writes theology, anywhere in the past, at some point or another in his or her career was deemed a heretic. And it's very few people who pass the orthodoxy test beginning to end. And, you know, even Augustine what had to be helped by the church in this because, you know, one of Augustine’s hugest opponents was Pelagius. And they had this argument over sin. And the people say now, “Oh Pelagius, that's just heresy! That's just heresy. That's just heresy.” But it took the church six tries to actually get Pelagius to be deemed a heretic and get his name sort of written out of church history.

So it wasn't an easy attempt. It wasn't like, “oh, Pelagius, you are a heretic and you're gone”. I believe it was six separate attempts on the part of the church to silence him. And then of course, what happens is his works get scattered, a lot of stuff gets destroyed. We wind up having very little original stuff written by Pelagius and all we wind up with for many centuries, we do have some of it and a lot of it's been rediscovered in only fairly recent years. But for much of church history, all we had is what Augustine wrote about Pelagius.

So what we have is what the victor of the argument wrote. And that stuff was preserved by the church, after six attempts to get Pelagius declared a heretic. And, you know, that's just one story of how this works within church history, is that the most important thing in some ways in church history is also the most trite phrase that almost everybody knows about history. And that is that the victors write history. And what becomes left to us, is the victors interpretations of the people who questioned them.

And so if you were burned at the stake, or if your book was declared heretical, or what have you, usually, all that's left of you at the end of that process is what the church wants to be left. And so therefore, you look like, you know, you really look like a heretic to everybody that comes afterwards.

What I think is sort of fascinating is when the church changes its mind. And that does happen. So you get someone like Joan of Arc, who is declared a witch and a heretic and, you know, has a lousy end in France. (She’s) in jail raped and burned at stake. Congratulations. (Sarcasm)

And, the church did it to her. And then later, you know, they turn around and say, “oops, we were wrong”. And, you know, I'm sure that was a comfort to her all these years later, you know, (we both laugh) but now she's St. Joan of Arc. So the church even admits that this process of the making of Orthodoxy and the application of heresy, infidelity, and all these, you know, blasphemy laws, has been imperfect at best.

And there are also, you know, people who are in scientific communities who suffered similar fates in their own lives. And then, you know, years later they are picked up in and lifted up as great heroes. So I don't mind when people call me a heretic because boy, am I in good company. And, you know, bring on the crown! Because I figure, you know, in another 150 years, the people who usually are the ones who are screaming, blasphemer and heretic the loudest, those people are usually forgotten. And it's the people who were on the other end of that, who are often looked back at and said, “Oh, my gosh, you know, that person was really trying to tell us something, and we weren't unwilling to listen at the time”. So bring it on!

Seth Price 41:41

So can I ask a question? One word that I would expect to see is the word Christ in a book about Jesus, but except for I want to say like five or six times as all that it's there. And half of those times, it's in the title of books that you're quoting from, like Ilia Delio and a few other people. So they're not even your words it's like, quoting something else. So why the aversion to the word Christ? And I asked that because you have a chapter called Universal Jesus, which I would have assumed would have that in there, and it doesn't. And why? Is there an aversion? It can't be an omission, because there's just no way that there's not—you don't write 80 pages accidentally about Jesus and not write the word Christ? (Diana laughs)

Diana Butler Bass 42:22

Yeah, I’m laughing because you're the first person to notice. (Laughs more)

Congratultions!

Seth Price 42:27

I didn't notice until I read the part where you quoted Ilia Delio, it's either Delio or Dahlia, I always say it wrong. And then I realized when I read the title of her book, which is another long title of a book, and it has the word in there Christ as like that, and I literally highlight it, I'm like, I think this is might be the first time. So then I pulled up a PDF copy that I have from the net galley and just Ctrl+F, and just search for the word Christ, and it only came up with a handful of places. So yeah, it was an accidental thing. But why the aversion, or the omission, or whatever that is?

Diana Butler Bass 42:58

Well, you asked me at the beginning in a why I wrote a book about Jesus. And you know, what could you say that hasn't already been said? And I, at the beginning of the project, I actually went and I looked, you know, on my shelf at the, I mean, I have an entire bookcase, almost, it's full of books about Jesus. And all of them, with only a very few exceptions, are about Jesus Christ. And my book is about my experience. And my experience doesn't deny the idea of Christ as we meet Christ in the creeds, or the more Christ parts of the epistles in particular. You know, but the truth of it is that mostly when people, you know, met Jesus, mostly in the gospels, they're meeting a friend, you know, they're they're meeting a teacher, they're meeting someone who is very human. And, you know, the few times when somebody figures out, “Oh, you are the Messiah”, you know, Jesus says, “Don't tell anybody”.

Seth Price 44:18

🤫🤫

Diana Butler Bass 44:19

I remember when I first took a New Testament class and learned about the “Messianic secret” and I thought that that was so amazing, you know, because it's all we want to talk about is that he's the anointed one. He's the Messiah. And, yeah, that was the one thing that Jesus said, don't tell anyone, you know, in the resurrection stories. As we tape here, right after Easter, we have this account of I mean, there are a couple of interesting accounts, we have one account that was read in church this past Sunday of the three women coming to the tomb and Jesus isn't there. And then they're told, shh, don't tell anybody, you know, keep it a secret.

Apparently they don't, because we know the story. (Laughs) They didn't listen to that one. But like in the story of Mary Magdalene coming to the tomb that's in the Gospel of John, which is one of my favorite ones. Is that her first word to Jesus, after she figures out that this is Jesus and not a gardener? Is that she says, Rabboni, teacher. And so she doesn't actually say, “oh, Christ, you're the Messiah” that's not the title that she trots out upon seeing the risen Jesus. And instead she trots out this title. That was probably what she called him when he was alive. You know, he was her beloved teacher, Rabboni, who, you know, she was probably the one who used her hair to anoint Jesus feet.

And so, yeah, I wanted to capture that sense, you know, not the christological glory piece. Because that's everywhere. You know, all you have to do is go to church on Sunday and you're going to get a story about the Christ. But to affirm these other stories, like the story of Mary Magdalene, where, you know, she sees Jesus and she says, “teacher”, you know, that's really an image for this book is like, when you see Jesus, you know who do you really see? Who have you known?

And for most of us it's not going to be—I don't think that for most people, the first words that springs to mind are a creed that we recite during baptism.

Seth Price 47:05

Yeah. So I want to talk about the conclusion, but I'm not, because people need to buy the book. But I will say, and I literally just put this out on the internet a minute ago, I plan to read that with my daughters this weekend, specifically, that little speech that you have there, there's like the last paragraph, and I don't want you to read it, because I do want people to buy the book. The story that you tell there when your intermixed with a bunch of other women in faith. And anyway, it's beautiful chapter, about about the voice of women. And I think little girls should hear it. So we won't talk about that conclusion because people should read it for themselves. But I am curious and this is a question I've asked everyone. So when you try to wrap words around what you mean, when you say God, what do you say to that?

Diana Butler Bass 47:48

Well, gosh, that's…that's my vocation. And it's actually the most humbling of all possible vocations. You know, it'd be so much easier, I think, if I'd stayed a college professor, and you had vocational benchmarks of, you know, getting tenure, becoming the department chair, perhaps becoming a dean, you know, or certain kinds of awards, you know. That most of us when we have vocations, there are paths of recognizing success and achievement. But when you're a writer, you know, there are some things like that, you know, your does your book land on the New York Times Bestseller list, or what have you. But, you know, the subject that I'm writing about, is the subject about God. And, you know, what's the benchmark of achievement for that?

I always hold myself accountable to letting my words carry a reality that moves beyond the words. So I recognize even while I am putting words into the world, that try to explain, to teach, to point towards divine things. I also know that those words are extremely limited. And the very best thing that my words can do is to cause someone to sort of read what's on the page and then stop and feel the presence of what's beyond the page. And so, it's not easy. And yet I keep at it, and that's to me, there are no words that you can really explain, you know who God is, or how we truly encounter God? You know, or even the question “if God?”

You know, that there's lots of questions regarding this presence that I do trust is at the core of the universe. So, you know, I just let that mystery enfold me. And then, as a writer, do my very best to work out of that mystery. And if I succeed sometimes, and people are moved by the letters that I put on a page, I am deeply gratified.

Seth Price 50:41

That question of “if God” so I have a 43 minute drive to work and 30-35-43, whatever, that's going to wrestle with me the whole car ride. So I'm going to say in advance, I don't know that I appreciate that question. Because I'll have nothing else but to think with as I go over the Blue Ridge Mountains with that question, but it's okay. It's okay. (Diana laughs) I also don't think that people humans specifically, are good at stopping and wrestling with things you got, you got that part in there. And we don't, we don't need to backtrack and talk about it, where you'd ask them to read that first part of like, John, I think it's 14:6, or something like that; maybe it's 13. And she's like, “No, I'm gonna keep reading because that belongs, like you have those to hinge on each other. They have to be together”, which is a fun thing.

Diana, where do you want people to go to obviously, they should buy the book, just to read the last chapter, if nothing else alone, but they really should read the full book. And then you’ve got like a substack, you've got a website, you're on all the social, like, where do you want people? Where should they go to do whatever the things are, that they should be doing?

Diana Butler Bass 51:37

Oh, I think that the two places to connect with me best, in terms of electronic connection, are through my newsletter called The Cottage, which comes out once or twice a week, depending upon how busy I am actually. And that's on substack, you can sign up for that by going to the platform substack itself, or by going to my website, DianaButlerbass.com, there's a very clear link that says newsletter sign up. So you can do that. And then you just get an email from me once or twice a week with my newsletter stuff that I'm thinking, stuff that I'm writing things that I'm doing. And then the other places, I'm kind of noisy on Twitter. (We both laugh) People seem to like my Twitter account, or they get really upset at me on Twitter. And so that's the place I think I'm called heretic most often.

And so if you're kind of into those sorts of things, well, welcome to my club. That's a fun place to follow me. But then I might, you know, just Facebook and Instagram, you know, are the also the normal places, so So pretty much everywhere where people hang out on social media, except I don't do Tik Tok and I haven't tried Clubhouse and all those things.

Seth Price 52:55

I haven't either. I don't even have a tik tok. I don't want to Clubhouse. I barely like Instagram. I don't actually like social media. But it's necessary.

Diana Butler Bass 53:07

I don’t either. But it's interesting, because I do get to meet cool people sometimes. And the main reason I'm on Instagram right now and trying to do anything with it is because one of the gifts of this crazy vocation as you get to know other writers and whether people I've gotten to know in recent years is Marianne Williamson, and she said, Oh, I want to interview you on Instagram.

Seth Price 53:28

You can interview people on Instagram?

Diana Butler Bass 53:32

Yeah, you can, apparently. And so she says, I want to have an Instagram chat with you. And I said, Marianne, I don’t even know how to use this!

Seth Price 53:38

Its on your phone! That isn't…why would I want to do an interview on this. Anyway,

Diana Butler Bass 53:46

So she's very good at it. And so, apparently, we're gonna do that, but I'm not sure. I'm not sure when. But yeah people connect, you know, and I know it's all very mysterious to me. But I am glad for the opportunity to hear people's voices and to receive both their critiques and their kindnesses through social media.

Seth Price 54:10

Good. Well, I appreciate what you're doing. And I appreciate you being on this morning and for working with the schedule and etc. But it's been a joy. It's always a joy to listen to you but it's a joy to talk with you.

Diana Butler Bass 54:21

Thank you very much.

Seth Price 54:38

That question that Diana posed back of not who or what is God but, if God? I've wrestled with that, quite literally almost every day since she asked me. And I said I don't know how to answer that question. And I love that. Absolutely love that.

I'm curious your thoughts on today's episode or any of the past ones and want to say thank you for your support of the show. And thank you to Remedy Drive for their music in this week's episode. Next week is going to be fantastic. So I have Jemar Tisby on the show. And then right after that, I'm going to bring on musicians Ryanhood. And that is another fun one. So support the show if able. If you can't rate and review it or just tell a friend. Send me some feedback. I am amazed by all of you that continue to download this show, and I'm so thankful.

Be blessed. I hope you have an amazing week and we'll connect again soon.

Bearing God's Name with Carmen Imes / Transcript

Note: Can I Say This at Church is produced for audio listening. If able, I strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which has inflection, emotion, sarcasm where applicable, and emphasis for points that may not come across well in written word. This transcript is generated using a combination of my ears and software, and may contain errors. Please check the episode for clarity before quoting in print.

Back to the Audio Episode


Carmen Imes 0:08

Yeah, let me say it this way, if you bear the name of Christ then you'll live it out in these tangible ways. So the law is the evidence that you bear the name of Christ. And so in the 10 Commandments, they were told not to carry God's name in vain. And I would think that means (that) to claim to be an Israelite, to act like you're a member of the community, and yet you live no differently than your pagan neighbors. And so that's very easy to transfer to our context. I could call myself a Christian but if nobody can tell the difference between the way I treat people and the way my non Christian neighbor treats people, and we've got a problem.

Seth Price 1:06

Hey, there, you and you. Welcome back to the show. I'm Seth, this is the podcast. And I'm glad that you're here. Here's the deal. There are no extra ad breaks. Today, you will hear one dedicated sponsor Wild Foods. And in the middle of the episode, listen to that. And I will say try their stuff. It's really good. But outside of that, supporters over at Patreon have literally stepped up to the plate, some of them have changed their pledges. And they are producing this show, this show does continue need to grow however, so if you've been on the fence, and if you are able in any way, consider becoming a producer, supporter, whatever word you want to give to that of the show. You have no idea how far even $1 or two goes. And there are other things, there are perks there as well.

A little housekeeping things. So you're going to see in the next few weeks, I'm going to bring the store offline, which is needed, because I need to do some refreshes on some of the stuff. And that's going to take some time. And so for a couple weeks, maybe a month, who knows, I'm going to take it down, I'm going to be tweaking it and editing it. And then I will bring it back and hopefully have some new content there as well when that comes back. And there's some things that I just want for myself. And so I figured I'm gonna make it for me (I) may as well make it available for you all. So look for that, in the coming weeks, months, I have no idea actually, when has going to happen. However, there we go, those two PSAs are out of the way.

Today, I brought on Carmen Imes. She is brilliant, much like many of the other guests on the show. And we talked about bearing God's name, what that means, what it means at Sinai and kind of how that theme is inter-woven throughout all of Scripture. And what that means for today, specifically about how we treat one another. I think you're going to love it. And so let's rock and roll.

Seth Price

(Through laughter) Here we go!

Alright. Doctor, right doctor?

Yes. Dr. Carmen Imes, welcome to the show. Unless you're requiring it I won't say doctor again. It’s a big deal so…

Carmen Imes 3:40

It's not required. It was hard work.

Seth Price 3:41

Yeah, absolutely. But you earned it. So I want to use that (it) was hard work, I'm sure. Welcome to the show. I'm glad you're here. And I think you might have the record for the longest it takes me to email people back and forth. Like I know, I was like emailed dropped off the face of the earth for four months and then email, that's my MO but I think I may have been the worst with you. And so I'm very, very sorry.

Carmen Imes 4:04

No worries. Here we are. It happened!

Seth Price 4:07

We did it. Um, so before we get started, who are you? What is, who is, why is Carmen? Like what would you want people to know about you?

Carmen Imes 4:19

(Laughs) That's a really broad question.

Seth Price 4:20

Right?! Go wherever you want

Carmen Imes 4:21

I am a child of God, follower of Jesus. I teach Old Testament at Prairie College in three hills, Alberta. I have a PhD from Wheaton College in Illinois masters from Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary. I've been a Bible nerd my entire life. I just love the Bible. And I think it's fascinating and relevant. And I've devoted my life to helping people connect with it and find God through the pages of Scripture.

Seth Price 4:51

What is required to be a Bible nerd. I don't know. What are the qualifications for this?

Carmen Imes 4:55

Well, when I was in second grade, I was out on the playground with my Bible starting a Bible read through club. So I think that's my qualifying activity. (We both laugh) I thought that playing on the playground…playing on the playground seemed to me to be a waste of time when we could be reading the Bible. So you can deduce from that that I was not very popular as a kid, that I had trouble, like, I was not the type that went to parties. I was never the cool one.

Seth Price 5:28

There are worse hobbies than reading biblical texts.

Carmen Imes 5:34

I agree. I agree.

Seth Price 5:37

So I wanted to talk a bit about the book that you wrote, I don't remember exactly when it came out. Because I just…time has warped and shifted.

Carmen Imes 5:44

Yes. December of 2019. So just over a year,

Seth Price 5:48

Yeah. I feel like it's been longer than that. But again, time is warping and shifting. My concept of time is…

Carmen Imes 5:54

COVID Time is just its own thing.

Seth Price 5:56

Yeah, I leave the house. But I feel like all I do is leave the house to come back to sleep to leave the house. But there's very little outside of that. But you wrote a blog post, I want to say around Christmas. And I think that you referenced a different blog post prior, but maybe not. It's like a liturgical calendar for people that need help. And unless that's the post that you're referencing, that was so popular. That's the one I want to talk about. So in that poll, like where are we at in the liturgical calendar, you know, recording, we're a few weeks away from Lent beginning, you know, a couple of days or so, yeah. But where are we at, for the liturgical calendar, you know, based on, you know, the way that we should be handling church right now?

Carmen Imes 6:33

So some people would, would still call this epiphany. For some people epiphany lasts from like, January is at 6th all the way until the start of Lent. And for other people, epiphany is just a day. So, so some people would call this epiphany, some people would call it Ordinary Time. I, myself, do not attend a liturgical church, and I never have. So I'm just an interloper. I just sort of lurk on Twitter and figure out which season we're in.

Seth Price 7:05

No no no. You're going real specific. I meant like you wrote a fantastic post about, I know, here. Yeah, here it is. I pulled it up a foolproof guide to the Evangelical Church calendar, you know, somewhere around lent.

Carmen Imes 7:16

You want to know, you want to know the Evangelical Church? Yeah I think we're approaching Superbowl Sunday.

Seth Price 7:25

So is this a high holy day in the church calendar for the church, or?

Carmen Imes 7:29

Well let me put it this way. When I was a kid, we never missed a service like we never did. Even on Super Bowl Sunday, we would go to church in the morning, and in the evening. And it was a big deal. Because when we went it was a really small service, and even other very devout families were not there. Because they were home watching the Superbowl. And so I felt a certain sense of superiority.

Seth Price 8:00

(Laughs)

Yeah, I read through that. I sent it to a couple friends that were pastors and then many more friends that are not pastors, and we were all this is the correct amount of passive aggressiveness that I need in my life right now.

Carmen Imes 8:12

It was my first attempt at satire on my blog, I think, and I was nervous, because here's why I was nervous. I know that this has been a super hard year for pastors, like COVID has been, some pastor friends are telling me the hardest season of ministry they've ever had to endure. So I did not want to heap abuse on pastors who are already carrying a really heavy load, and having to think. But I was also, I've just also, been increasingly struck by how the North American church is shaped around consumerism, rather than around church traditions, or biblical festivals and feasts, either. I mean, I didn't talk about this in the blog post, but we also don't know when Jewish festivals are for the most part in the church. We are, as I said in the post, if you want to know what season it is, check the entry to your local Walmart and you'll you'll get a sense for like, which high Holy Day is coming up.

Seth Price 9:14

Yeah, we are in the “heart chocolate season mixed with hot wings.” That's where we're at.

Carmen Imes 9:17

That's true. And one thing I left out of the post, which I if I was writing it over, I would add in and that's the third Sunday in January, depending on your church tradition is either Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, where you're going to talk about social justice, racial justice and reconciliation, in church, or you're going to talk about sanctity of human life, but probably not both. So that's something that I would add if I was writing it over.

Seth Price 9:51

Yeah, probably not both. Yeah, absolutely.

Carmen Imes 9:54

Yeah. I mean, I grew up hearing about sanctity of human life's Sunday, but we didn't do anything with MLK Jr. at church. And then one of my first black friends was talking to me about how hard it is for her to attend white churches, in part because they're completely ignoring one of the greatest heroes of the faith for her. And to not even acknowledge that it's Martin Luther King, Jr. weekend just seemed to her to be completely missing such an important piece of church history. Seems like you either get one or another. I did a little informal poll on Twitter, asking people whether their pastors mentioned one or the other, or neither or both. And it was interesting, but I don't think I have enough followers to know if it was a very accurate sample size.

Seth Price 10:47

I mean, it's probably 50/50. Actually, it's probably not it's probably 50 “we talked about one of those” and the other 50 “We talked about whatever we were going to talk about anyway”.

Carmen Imes 10:58

Yeah, that's I think about how it worked out on Twitter.

Seth Price 11:00

Yeah, yeah. I think there's a weird dichotomy for pastors of they probably want to, hopefully, they want to say some things about that. But they're terrified that it will already exacerbate the bleeding that COVID has caused to the coffers and their lights. Yes, payroll and salaries and staff and yeah, a business to run, which is a different topic altogether. The business of church. But yeah, churches is a business sadly. Anyway, that makes me sad. So let's not do that. Let's talk about bearing God's name. So that's not a word that we use, at least for me, because you're up in Canada, and you weren't raised in Canada, right? Like you're not…

Carmen Imes 11:37

Nope, I grew up in Colorado.

Seth Price 11:38

Perfect. So bearing here is only for bearing arms. And I don't want to have a gun conversation, really. But at least when I hear the word bearing, that's literally all that I think of is bearing or ball bearings in a car. Maybe, maybe

Carmen Imes 11:50

You are the first person to say that to me. I never even thought about the possibility of sort of militaristic reading of the title.

Seth Price 11:57

I'm from Texas. So for me, it's all guns and football. It's guns, football, and oil. So that's, that's it. But yeah, that's probably me. That's, that's some eisegesis there and the title of your book, so that's okay. But what is that? So bearing God's name? What does that whole concept mean? Because honestly, as I read through the book, and then I read pieces afterwards, like the whole concept of your book was a little bit foreign to me in the way that I was raised in the church. What I expected when it was when I was asked to read it by a few friends, is not what I gathered at the end. I was like, Huh, Mm hmm. Which is great. Yeah, so what is this concept?

Carmen Imes 12:38

Yeah, so my basic thesis is that when Israel meets God at Sinai, he places his name on them. He gives them like this invisible tattoo claiming them as his own by putting his name on them. And that he is then commissioning them as his representatives among the nations.

So my work stems from Exodus 20:7; the command not to take the Lord's name in vain, which is a bad way to translate it, the word “take” isn't in there in the Hebrew. Most of us have understood that command as a prohibition of saying God's name in a certain way, like, using it as a swear word or in an oath that we don't intend to keep or something like that. And as I look at the Hebrew, it says, “You shall not lift up or carry the name of YHWH, your God in vain”. And so the word I've chosen for that is “bear”, but you could just as easily say, carry, you could say carrying God's name. Yeah. So that's the, the basic idea it’s not that God's telling them not to say his name, but he's telling them not to misrepresent him among the nations.

Seth Price 13:49

Okay. And so for you and I listening, I think that word misrepresent is huge, because representation of the Divine is a massive thing. And depending on who you ask or poll on Twitter, or church you attend on Sunday, that's going to vastly wildly differ, I think.

Carmen Imes 14:10

Yes, yes.

Seth Price 14:11

So where do we get that? Like, what should we be looking for and measuring against as we're looking to bear? Also, I'm very curious, can I take the Lord's name in vain in the way that I was taught using it like is that can I use a swear word? Like, is that even a thing? Or is that really just me butchering that text?

Carmen Imes 14:27

So I would say that, that what the command is actually saying is a bigger umbrella that encompasses within it, or underneath it, some of the narrower ways that the church has tended to read it. So, no, I don't think it's a good idea to use God's name as a swear word. And no, I don't think you should take an oath in God's name and then break it. Those would be very specific ways of misrepresenting him; by not honoring his name, you know, His spoken name or by not living in such a way that is, you know, if you're a person who keeps your word, then you're like YHWH. But if you're just making flippant promises and then breaking them, that's not like YHWH. So it falls under the umbrella of misrepresentation if you do that, but I think the command is much broader.

Seth Price 15:23

Yeah. And then as far as the representation of God, or YHWH, so how do we measure that because I can turn on the TV, I can turn on the iTunes top 100 sermons in the category that I happen to be in, which means that I'm buried behind 400 Super pastors. Which, if you're listening Apple, it should be a separate category for sermons. But anyway, that PSA aside, what is that? How do we reconcile that? What are we looking for? Because I don't think many Christians agree on what that should look like.

Carmen Imes 15:59

Yeah, sure. So in an ancient Israelite context, it looks like obedience to the rest of the commands. So we have this command following shortly after “you shall not worship other gods”. So I would call these the first two commands of the 10 commandments. No other gods, don't misrepresent me. And those two sort of set the agenda for “I will be your God, you will be my people”. And then all the rest of the laws in Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, are fleshing out what that would look like in an ancient Israelite context. It actually affects every area of your life, the way you do agriculture, who you marry, and who you have sexual intimacy with, what you eat, what you wear, how you treat people in business, all these categories are covered by the laws. And these laws are not there to tell people how to earn salvation, or how to earn their way to God. They're there as a matter of mission.

God's already rescued them from Egypt. He's commissioned them to represent him. And now he's showing them here's how you can demonstrate my character to a watching world. So, this is a long answer to your question, in our cultural context, it's going to work its way out differently than it was in ancient Israel. Even if we have farmer Christians who want to honor God with the way that they farm, it's not going to look exactly like the farming laws in the Torah, because we're in a different cultural context. You can't just leave the edges of your field on harvested so that the foreigner and the widow will be able to eat because no one is going to come glean in your fields. That's not how it works. So we have to find other ways of demonstrating generosity and care for the vulnerable. But I think the Old Testament law helps us by giving us the categories and by sparking our imaginations.

Seth Price 18:00

Yeah, so you're gonna see my face brightened up quite a bit, because I read your book digitally. So all of my notes are also on my computer. So there's a part in your book and so you just use references of law and infer the 10 commandments. But there's a part in here, where you talk about the law as a gift. And I feel like it's chapter two, but I didn't write that down. But my understanding of the law and my upbringing are, these are the 10 things we don't do. And oddly enough, we don't really talk about Matthew 25, which arguably, I find more “lawful” in the way that I should live and have praxis. But yeah, so the context of me in the law, like these are the 10 commandments, don't do these and compound in the fact that two of them seem to be the same thing. Don't slander against other people. And I'm paraphrasing that and then also don't lie about other people and they don't, or bear false witness your neighbor for whatever it is. I'm not sure. I’m not the best at memorizing scripture. The way that we view the law appears to be different than the way in the way that you've written that ancient Near East and the Israelites would have viewed the law. So what is kind of that dichotomy for us today?

Carmen Imes 19:03

Yeah, I think we tend to think of law legislatively, that seems obvious to us. But in an ancient context, law was a demonstration of wisdom. So if I want to show you, if I'm a ruler of an ancient Near Eastern nation, and I want to show you what a wise ruler I am, I'm going to produce a list of laws that show what an ordered society would look like. And so that's what we have in Exodus is YHWH as the true king of this new nation of Israelites is demonstrating his wisdom and is showing us how to cultivate wisdom.

But I think really the key for me in correctly understanding the law is by paying attention to where it appears. And I already mentioned this, but Moses does not show up at the border of Egypt with stone tablets and say, “Hey, guys, I can get you out of here just agree, you know, sign on the dotted line agree that you will live by these 10 things, and then I'll rescue you”. It's not a prerequisite to salvation. God saves them first. And then he gives them the law. And and I think if we get that right, then it really helps us make sense of how Christians today should be related to the law. Because so many Christians have said, I don't need to worry about the law because Jesus saved me by grace. But that's a misdiagnosis of the law, because God had saved them by grace too! The law was a way of living out their mission as the people who belong to Him.

And I think what I see in the New Testament, (if) you look at any of Paul's letters, his letters typically break down to half and half exposition / exhortation. The first half is telling us, here's what's true about you, and God and the world. And the second half is typically saying, “Now, here's how you should live”. So Paul is not trying to do away with law, he's giving instructions that are contextualized, for his environment to say, "here's what it looks like to be a follower of Jesus in this context, here's how it's gonna affect your family relationships, your relationships at church, the order of worship, you know, he is continually trying to show people how to live faithfully as followers of Jesus. And we put a different label on that in the Old Testament, we call it “law”, which is so misleading because we immediately think of legislation and like civil law, when actually it's a calling the church to faithfulness, just like the New Testament.

Seth Price 21:42

So, and this again, pardon my ignorance. So would it be more fair to say that the law is the fruits of faithful living? Take what you're taking from Paul, like, the law that I am living out should be evident by the, by the name that I bear…or am I taking that and hearing it and twisting it.

Carmen Imes 22:02

Yeah, let me say it this way, if you bear the name of Christ, then you'll live it out in these tangible ways. So the law is the evidence that you bear the name of Christ. And so in the 10 commandments, they were told not to carry God's name in vain. And I would think that that means to claim to be an Israelite, to act like you're a member of the community, and yet you live no differently than your pagan neighbors. And so that's very easy to transfer to our context. I could call myself a Christian but if nobody can tell the difference between the way I treat people and the way my non-Christian neighbor treats people, then we've got a problem.

Seth Price 22:46

Give me just a second, we're coming right back.

Seth Price 24:15

So Sinai…I've never read so many pages about a mountain, or mount, a hill, whatever you want to call it. (Carmen laughs)

So my question is, I actually have two questions, one of them predicates from prior but I'd like to ask question on Sinai. So what is the significance of Sinai? So Sinai for me, has always been more of a middle ground between here's where we were in Egypt—Sinai is where we pivoted to live differently. So like a metaphor for change. And so, like a redemption story or like a literal, physical, testimony.

Carmen Imes 24:53

Sure.

Seth Price 24:56

Am I wrong and in that, or am I stripping that metaphor too far too far? Like what is the the significance for Sinai for an entire faith community like, why Sinai? Why is that so pivotal?

Carmen Imes 25:06

Yeah, no, I like your your language of “pivot” because I do think that the people pivot at Sinai. What I think we often miss because we tend to think of Sinai as the place the 10 commandments happened; and then there's all this other stuff. What we miss is that the bulk of the Torah occurs at Sinai. So starting in Exodus 19, stretching all the way through Leviticus into Numbers 10 they are at Sinai, that's a lot of chapters devoted to what happens, you know, 20 chapters of Exodus 27, I think in Leviticus and 10 of numbers. It's the heart of what God's doing in this story of his people. And I think the significance is that, like you said, God has taken them out of Egypt, they're not going to live in that context anymore. But he needs time to remake them as a people; or they need time to embrace their new identity as the nation. A nation under God's rulership. And I say in the book that the wilderness is God's workshop, it's the place where he can remake us. It's a place he remade them. And so I think the length of time they spend at Sinai is indicative of how much reshaping needs to happen. And so when they go into the promised land they're not the same people who left Egypt they've been transformed at Sinai.

Seth Price 26:31

So I've wrestled with that wilderness metaphor for a while. Do you think that a person of faith is almost required to walk somewhat solitude-aly through a wilderness type thing, a place of desolation where there's very little there of comfort to have a pivotable point? If that, does that make any sense at all? Because so many people, I think, especially now as they watch the church implode?

Carmen Imes 26:57

Yeah that's a fair question. Yeah, I'm not sure if I would want to keep the word required, that a Christian is required to go through the wilderness. But I do see this as a pattern in the way God works. When God wants to reshape us, he often takes us through seasons of stripping down, emptying our hands of the things we've been clinging to. And in a really powerful sense, I think COVID is doing this for the church and for the world. The entire world is in this wilderness space, where the routines that we took totally for granted, the jobs we took for granted, the relationships we took for granted, are now all constantly in question being renegotiated or figuring out new rules all the time. And this feels like a tremendous loss. And we grieve that appropriately. But I am actually really excited about what God will do in and through the church.

Because in what other period of history, have we been so stripped down to the basics? Have we've been so forced to collectively, globally, rethink what does it mean to be the church? What do we need? What's the bare minimum that we need to still be church, and we're having to rethink all the programs, all the services, all the activities, and think more intentionally about how to be the church in a very different kind of scenario. And I think this is God's gift. I'm not saying he planned COVID so that this would happen, but God is certainly not going to waste it.

Seth Price 28:39

Yeah, yeah. No, I Yeah, I was gonna make that caveat as well. And if you didn't, yeah, I was Yeah, I'm not hopefully, nobody here that I don't think that that's how I don't think that that's how the world works.

Carmen Imes 28:51

I don't interpret COVID as God's judgment on the church or God's judgment on the world or God’s like, divine plan to, you know, whatever, but he he will use it. And he is using it in so many ways already.

Seth Price 29:06

So you like all of the Old Testament from what I've read about you on the internet? So what is God's name? Because it appears like when I read like, Amos is one of my favorite books of the Bible. And if there's been a book of the pandemic, for me, it's been Amos, specifically Amos 5, as I watch all these rallies, and the Let Us Worship, you know, rallies around like, what are people doing? And that's, again, some of my politics bleeding out. But Amos has been like, my, like my jam, which is weird, because it never used to be. But in Amos, I think it's like what 9, there are people that don't appear to be Israelites, that bear God's name. And I don't is bearing God's name something that you don't have to ask to do? Do you even and you know, what, whom whatever the God is, is that just something that you do because you happen to bear God's image, which is an entirely different thing. Also altogether, like how anyway, I can't so...

Carmen Imes 30:01

Yeah. Yeah, great, great question. There's a few different pieces in there to respond to. So first, let me say that I don't think that being God's image and bearing God's name are the same thing. They are similar in that being God's image is also a representative role. But they're different because every human being is the image of God and only covenant members bear God's name. And you're right that throughout the Old Testament, it's the nation of Israel, that is identified as the covenant member, the covenant partner, of God, the people who bear God's name. But there is a difference in Amos 9. It's a really remarkable passage, I'll just read from, from verse 11.

In that day, I will restore David's fallen shelter,

probably a reference to the Davidic dynasty,

I will repair its broken walls and restore its ruins and will rebuild it as it used to be so that they may possess the remnant of Edom and all the nations that bear my name.

So what to clarify here is that he's not saying that there are people out there who bear my name without even knowing it. He's looking ahead to a future day when God is going to restore the Davidic dynasty. And he's going to gather the nations that bear his name. So it's looking ahead to a time when Gentiles are going to be allowed into the covenant. It's not his own day, it's still off in the future. And we see that in verse 11, “in that day”. So the days are coming, declares the Lord, when these things will happen.

And this is precisely the passage that James picks up on in Acts 15. When the early church is meeting together to decide what do we do about Gentiles? There's like Gentiles who want to follow Jesus. And how's that supposed to work? Because Jesus is a Jewish Messiah. And up until now, it's Jews who've been following Jesus as Messiah. So if a Gentile wants to follow Jesus, do they have to become a Jew first or could they follow the Messiah as a Gentile? And so the early church leaders meet to duke it out, you know, they're trying to discern what, what's the right way forward. And there's two main testimonies that are given at this meeting. The first one is Peter, who gets up and tells the story of how we preach the gospel among the Gentiles, and the Holy Spirit fell on them. And in the Old Testament, this giving of this Spirit is consistently a sign of Covenant renewal.

And so Peters like wait, I was thinking the next step after I preached, if they wanted to follow Jesus was we'd circumcise all the men, and they would bring them into the synagogue, they'd become Jews, and then they could follow Jesus. But he's watching the Spirit fall on them. And he's realizing, (that) God apparently is not distinguishing between them and us. Like he apparently it's okay to be a Gentile covenant member. So Peter shares from his experience. And then James stands up, and he reads this passage from Amos 9. He says in verse 13, this is Acts 15:13.

“Brothers,” he said, “listen to me. Simon[a] has described to us how God first intervened to choose a people for his name from the Gentiles.

And that's what Peter's just described with the giving of the Spirit. And then he says,

the words of the prophets are in agreement with this as it is written,

and he quotes Amos 9

even all the Gentiles who bear my name.

So he says, “No, we they don't need to become Jews first. We don't need to circumcise them, etc”. So I don't think it's possible to accidentally be a named bear. I just think here they're talking about a Gentile who wants to follow Jesus doesn't need to go through that ethnic conversion process first.

Seth Price 33:57

Yeah, and the reason I asked that question, and again, I like to take things and rip them apart in ways that are probably inappropriate, which is why I titled the podcast the way that it is, because…it's also why I don't frame any questions ahead of time, because it allows me to as close as possible. I have no idea if you drink but grab a beer, electronically, with the continent and be like, but what about? Yeah so…

Carmen Imes 34:17

I'll grab an iced tea.

Seth Price 34:20

Whatever works for you. So let me pull up my watch. So can you talk a bit about the image of God and bearing the name of God? Because for some reason, I can't let go of that. And, the reason, there's a lot of reasons for that, but or could you just possibly write a second, third, fourth, book about that? But that's a different thing.

Carmen Imes 34:42

No, I'm actually writing it right now.

Seth Price 34:44

Oh fantastic!

Carmen Imes 34:46

Yes, I'm writing a prequel to Bearing God's Name. It's going to be called being God's Image Why Creation Still Matters, because I realized like Sinai is great and all but like there's other things we need to know from scripture about what does it mean to be human before we enter into a covenant.

Seth Price 35:00

The reason I say that is the image of God is what comes up when people talk about the sanctity of human life, war, oppression, etc, etc. But many people do the things that destroy God's image in the name of what they think God is calling them to do. And those two don't seem to jive with me. Like that's an oxymoron. A massive one. More clearly what is the name of God? Because there's many in Scripture, and then what is the image of God outside of humanity to juxtapose those two?

Carmen Imes 35:34

Okay, so I would argue, actually, that there's only one name for God in the Old Testament, and that's YHWH, and that all the other designations for God are titles rather than names.

Seth Price 35:45

Okay.

Carmen Imes 35:46

So my name is Carmen, that's my only name. You could call me professor, author, mother, wife, friend, you know, I have lots of…there's lots of things you can…Bible nerd, who can give me lots of designations. But I still only have one unique identifier, and that's Carmen Imes. Like that's how you can tell you're talking about me and not someone else. So I would say YHWH is God's personal name. It distinguishes him from any would be rival gods that might try to get people's allegiance. And so that's how God reveals himself to Moses at Sinai in Exodus chapter three, and four.

And you asked about the significance of Sinai earlier and what I didn't say was God first rescues Moses from Pharaoh in Egypt, he goes through the wilderness, meets God at Sinai, experiences his presence and gets commissioned to go back and bring the people out. Then he brings the people out from oppression under Pharaoh, through the water across the wilderness, to the same mountain Mount Sinai and then he Commission's them. So God reveals himself in all his glory, both to Moses and to the people. And he, in both cases, he Commissions. He Commission's Moses to go back to Egypt he Commission's the people to represent him among the nations. So that's why Sinai is a big deal.

But you're right, that image of God is a really big deal. And I've been sitting with this now for about nine months working on the next book. And I'm convinced that if we could really grab a hold of what it means to be the image of God, we would have to treat one another better than we do now. Because there are no qualifications for humans being the image of God. There's no certain ability or morality that is presupposed. It's just if you're human you are God's image. And what's striking to me, what's really jumped out at me as I've looked at this, is that when God creates the first humans, they are male and female, in the image of God. Women are not sort of an afterthought in Genesis 1, that like, Man is the image of God and women's along for the ride. No, it says, male and female he created them. In chapter one, verse 27, in God's image And the implication of being God's image, so our identity is to be God's image. But the implication is that we will rule over

the fish in the sea, the birds in the sky, and every living creature that moves on the ground,

that rulership has a very noticeable thing that's missing. It never says rule over each other. It only says rule over creation. And it's a benevolent kind of rule. It's a rule that encourages flourishing, and makes sure that animals have enough to eat, and waterways are clean, and the ground is not polluted. Like there's such a strong message of creation care that comes through in Genesis one and two, but there is no command to dominate each other. And if we could just grab hold of that we would be we would be different.

Seth Price 39:05

Oddly enough, that might be the Kingdom of Heaven. But again, different…different podcasts, different sermon, different everything. So I want to springboard on to Jesus. So how do we get…what in the Old Testament…because it's not lost on me that Jesus is praying in God's name in the Lord's Prayer. “Hallowed be thy name.” But when we pray often, when we’re praying to God, we would just say the word Jesus, and so I'm fine with that as well. But we're not saying YHWH. So yeah, what pivots are what hinges Jesus in Christ to YHWH as it relates to Sinai, and specifically in that prayer?

Carmen Imes 39:47

Yeah, it's such a great question. So once you see this theme of bearing God's name in the Old Testament, you'll see it everywhere, like through every Old Testament book just about, there's references to it, hints of it. And then we turn the pages to the new testament and it's like, what just happened‽ Because suddenly we're not talking about YHWH. And there's a language reason for that. In Greek, it's like impossible to say YHWH. So YHWH has four consonants in Hebrew YHWH? and Greek has no h and no W, and no y. So there's not an easy way to say it, or to pronounce it. And by that time in history, faithful Jews had stopped pronouncing the name of God, at least outside the synagogue or outside the temple, because they were trying really hard not to break the command, not to misuse it. So there was already a tradition of not saying it. Plus, it's really hard to say in Greek. So those are two factors.

But there's clear references throughout the Gospels to the name of God. And Jesus in his prayer, prays “hallowed be your name”. I feel like as a kid, I thought that was odd. That isn't God's name already holy? Like why would it need to be made holy? But if you understand the theme that the gods put his name on his people, and their job is to represent him to the nations so that the nations will know what he's like? Then it makes sense. If the Israelites did not live faithfully to the covenant, they actually profaned God's name. They brought it into disrepute. And I'm not making this up. Ezekiel is all over this, especially chapter 36.

He says, when you were dragged into exile, that profaned God's name,

because everybody's looking at you. And they're like, oh, YHWH must not be very powerful. Because look, these are his people. And yet they had to go out of his land. So there's a clear sense coming into the New Testament that God has a PR problem. The people have not represented him well. And so his name has been…the word I want to say is besmirched. I never hear that anywhere. But that's the word that comes to mind. His name has been sullied or dirtied in some way is he's people are not seeing him for who he is.

So when Jesus prays, hallowed be your name. He's praying for the restoration of God's right reputation among the nations. And I think Jesus well understands how this works in the Old Testament. So he is, in fact, committing himself to living faithfully to the covenant so that God's name would be honored again, and made holy again. So Jesus never tells his disciples, maybe I shouldn't say it in those terms, because I'd have to check and see, Jesus doesn't exalt his own name during his ministry. He's consistently pointing to the Father, pointing to the father as the one we're supposed to worship. And I think it's because he comes as the ideal Israelite name bearer and he wants to show us how this is supposed to be done. Not that he isn't God, but that he's demonstrating for us what faithfulness would look like, what bearing God's name would look like.

And then, very quickly, after Jesus’ death and resurrection the early church pivots again. And as they're thinking about Jesus, and as they're putting all this together, they're somehow in the words of Richard Bauckham. “They are including Jesus within the divine identity”. So you have in Acts, chapters 2 & 3 and three the story of Pentecost and then Peter’s explanation of what's just happened with the giving of the Spirit. He quotes Joel 2. And so this is Acts 2, he says,

No, this thing that just happened, the giving of the Spirit was what Joel talked about, in the last days, God says, I will pour out my Spirit on all people.

And it goes on to quote the last verse of that, verse 21,

and everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.

Now he's speaking in Greek here, or it's recorded for us in Greek here in the New Testament, and that would be the name of the Kýrios, the name of the Lord will be saved. Kýrios means like, master, it's generic, you know, it's like, you could use it as our earthly master or heavenly master. He's using this generic Kýrios. But he's quoting Joel. And Joel, chapter two. It's clearly YHWH everyone who calls on the name of YHWH will be saved. So Joe's quoting that, but then in the very next chapter, he clarifies that Jesus is the only name under heaven by which we can be saved. And so somehow he's making this transition from YHWH to Jesus via Kýrios which is how the Greek Translation of the Old Testament renders YHWY. So YHWH equals Kýrios in the Old Testament. So he can say Kýrios and we've been calling Jesus Korea. So here he goes, there's Jesus. And he's not unseating YHWH. He's not dissing the father, but somehow, he's, he's including Jesus within that divine identity. And so from that point on the the apostles are speaking of the name-when they speak of the name-they're speaking of the name of Jesus.

Seth Price 45:31

Okay. Yeah, I like that.

Carmen Imes 45:33

So I do pray in the name of Jesus, I don't pray, you know, in YHWH’s name, I pray in the name of Jesus. But recognizing that Jesus came to us to show us how to bear YHWH’s name. And there's a vision in Revelation, john sees Jesus, and he sees believers who have the name written on their forehead, and it specifically says, “the name of Jesus and the name of his father on their foreheads”. And one way of translating that would be as a hindieties, which is to say, the name of Jesus, that is the name of the Father, like they're the same thing, two ways of saying the same thing. So it might not be that there's two names, but they've got the name Jesus, which is the equivalent of saying YHWH.

Seth Price 46:21

Yeah, I wish we had 40 more minutes, because the chapter before that in Revelation, I think it says the number of his name as it talks about like a mark of a beast or whatever, but we have to go get my kids from school in a minute. So we can't do that.

Carmen Imes 46:36

Okay.

Seth Price 46:38

Maybe next time, maybe next time. Um, so I've asked this question of everyone. And so I'm curious your answer, and you can answer however you like. So, when you try to explain to people, you know, for me, Carmen, when I say God, here's what I mean. What is that?

Carmen Imes 46:55

I, when I explain God, it would be God is the one who is the most powerful, the most benevolent being, the one who created the earth. The one who has a plan to redeem all things. So he created a good world. The plan is for Him to redeem that good world. He made humans and he gave us a job to do to participate in his creative work bringing order to creation. And because we fell off the rails, he's raised up the family of Abraham. And now the church has been included in that vision in order to restore the rest of humanity back to God to participate in that work of restoration.

Seth Price 47:44

Now we're going to go back to Dr. Imes where do you want people to go like, they hear this, they listen, they're like, I want to…I don't because honestly, when I read your book, I was like, I never…none of this has ever been in my churches that I've attended. And if it has been it was probably on a Sunday in a 15 minute homily that I heard 13 minutes of and it was a two minutes I didn't hear. So where do you want people to go to do whatever it is that they should be doing?

Carmen Imes 48:07

Sure. Well, you can find my book on Amazon or any bookseller, that's a great place to start. There's, in the back there are discussion questions, if you want to read through it with a small group. There's QR codes that link to Bible Project videos that go with each chapter, so that can help with small groups. And there's also a video curriculum that goes with it on Seminary Now. I have a YouTube channel. I release videos every Tuesday called Torah Tuesday. I'm working right now through a series on the image of God so you can get a preview of what's going to be in my next book. And tomorrow, I'm launching a new podcast with my 15 year old daughter called the Take Two podcast where we're talking about deep questions that she has about Christianity and the Bible in a way that works for teenagers.

Seth Price 48:54

That's a need. I like that. Yeah, I like that.

Carmen Imes 48:58

I'm on Facebook. I'm on Twitter. People can find me there. If you want to see what I'm reading. I'm on Goodreads. And you can see, you can lurk.

Seth Price 49:05

Those are some of my favorite posts. I lurk on your post or like, What are you reading and people are posting all these things.

Carmen Imes 49:10

Yeah! I have a lot of like crazy smart friends.

Seth Price 49:13

Yeah, I wish I could post mine. But most of them are digital copies because I can hide my obsession from my wife that way.

Carmen Imes 49:20

I see, the truth comes out?

Seth Price 49:23

Yeah. Well, I mean, this is a public podcast, which I'm sure she knows. But yeah, the library is large because I had to stop with the box there literally.

Carmen Imes 49:31

Yeah, you don't have to dust books on Kindle.

Seth Price 49:51

I don't remember the words exactly because it's been too many weeks since I edited the episode however I do remember Dr. Imes talking about if we could learn to recognize the image of God in each of us, and I know the episode was on bearing the name of God, but I can distinctly remember that we would just be better humans, like if we could learn to recognize that and so I'm leaning on that that is my thing for this year. I trying so hard to be a bit better than I was last year. And most days I fail at it, spectacularly. But that's okay. Because I'm still trying. I'm still trying.

Anyhow, if you like what you hear, you need to rate and review the show it really, actually, does help tremendously. And then go ahead and stop delaying yourself. Just click the button to become a patron supporter of the show. While the store is still up, you get a discount on that. I think it's like 20% off anything all the time. With the proper discount code, you get different episodes, video versions of the episodes, I've begun writing and when I feel a little more comfortable with putting those out I'm going to put those there maybe that's the only place they will be for forever. Who knows. But consider both of those things.

There's a free one, rate and review. And then if you're able to support the show, I would appreciate it tremendously. I pray that you were blessed, that you’re well, you understand or begin to comprehend how amazingly loved you are.

Mary and Martha with Elizabeth Schrader / Transcript

Note: Can I Say This at Church is produced for audio listening. If able, I strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which has inflection, emotion, sarcasm where applicable, and emphasis for points that may not come across well in written word. This transcript is generated using a combination of my ears and software, and may contain errors. Please check the episode for clarity before quoting in print.

Back to the Audio Episode


Elizabeth Schrader 0:12

There was a change made to the text of the gospel of John, a pretty big one, in the second century, it would have had to be in the second century when this happened. For the purpose of diminishing Mary Magdalene’s role, the Gospel of John.

Seth Price 0:42

Hey there everybody, how are you doing? Welcome to the show. I'm glad you're here. I appreciate you downloading. Now, before we get going, I do need your help. This show is entirely funded by patrons and sometimes by ads. And so I am asking you, if you get anything from the show, consider supporting it, there are many ways to do so. Here in a few weeks, I am releasing a series on some of the Unspoken Sermons of George MacDonald, mostly because I like to do them, but I'm going to put them on Patreon. I don't think they're going to be anywhere else, at least not for the time being. You get access to other things, early access to the shows the videos, some people get books, discounts on merchandise in the store, you get all kinds of things. And so help if you could, or if you are able, and become a producer of the show over at Patreon, you'll find links for that in the show notes.

If you are unable to the other cool thing that you can do is literally in the app that you're listening to this on, just rate and review the show and leave a little note there. It does help in the algorithm world that we live in. But also I read those and I get a kick out of those, and I enjoy it. Even if you hate the show, tell me you do! Hopefully you don't or I would be curious why you download it today. But you know what I mean. I am rambling and I shouldn't be.

So I am very excited. So I want to open the door a bit into my life. So I have two beautiful daughters. And everybody says that their daughters are beautiful, and I get that, but I think they are; either way there are many, many denominations of at least the Protestant church that tell me and tell my daughters, who they are and what they can be. And often that's “less than”, and that's wrong. Now, how does that relate at all to Elizabeth Schrader? Elizabeth has done some work on Martha and Mary in the Gospel of John. And we briefly touched on this, and I'm going to link right here in the transcript, but also in the show notes, to some of the work that she's done on this and some other writings about it. And it is fascinating. And it is honestly, for the 15 year ago me, would have been earth shattering with the way that I viewed the Bible. Luckily, that's not the way that I view the Scriptures today. I really enjoyed this conversation. And so here we go, a conversation about Martha and Mary, gospel of John, and a few other things mixed in with Elizabeth Schrader.

Seth Price 3:29

Elizabeth, welcome to the show late at night. On a…it's Monday. It's Monday, time blends together. I'm glad that you're here. And I am thankful that Keith introduced us. So Keith, I have no idea if you listen to these, I have to assume that he is but thank you, my friend. But welcome.

How are you doing tonight?

Elizabeth Schrader 3:44

I am well, I'm just in between, like a Zoom jam with some friends playing music. And then I'm going to do some Sanskrit. So that's that's what doctoral life is over here. (Chuckles)

Seth Price 3:56

What do you jam with on Zoom? How does that even work with latency?

Elizabeth Schrader 4:00

Good question! Yeah, some friends and I got a fellowship here at Duke. And it turned out that a lot of the people in the in the cohort were musicians. And so we started just like meeting for jams. And we’d like go to each other's houses and play songs around and harmonize with each other and like learn songs together. And then COVID hit and we wanted to keep on doing our jams. So now we just like play songs in the round. I played a Killers song tonight. It was fun.

Seth Price 4:23

Which one?

Elizabeth Schrader 4:24

Everything will be all right.

Seth Price 4:27

I don't know that one. I only know Mr. Brightside.

Elizabeth Schrader 4:30

It is the last one on that record.

Seth Price 4:31

It's got you, well, I don't know that record. I only know that song. And then I enjoyed watching how it was broken. Have you watched Song Exploder on Netflix. Is this the thing that you're aware of?

Elizabeth Schrader 4:41

My friend Kathleen works on that show? So I know about it. But I have not yet watched it.

Seth Price 4:47

It is by far one of my favorite podcast, by far. Like if there's a podcast that I've listened to since I knew the podcasts were a thing. It's that one?

Elizabeth Schrader 4:55

Well, I've heard that it's very good and I should definitely listen to it. In fact, just to support my friend, I should do it. So yes, I know about it! And, I will listen to it.

Seth Price 5:05

You don't have to commit to me, it is very good. But not why I brought you on. So who and why is Elizabeth Schrader? I like to try to ask that question differently each time, but why not? Yeah, who and why?

Elizabeth Schrader 5:20

That's a really deep question.

I would say, and it's changed over the years, there have been, I feel as though I'm in like, life 2.0 right now, because I was a musician for a very long time, as I was just alluding to. Right now, I am a doctoral candidate in early Christianity at Duke University, in North Carolina. And I study manuscripts of the New Testament, and the text in those manuscripts, and variations in the manuscript, because not all the manuscripts say the same thing. And I'm really fascinated with textual variations in the New Testament, I suppose, particularly around the women. (Seth chuckles) Because there's a lot of really interesting textual variations that are not widely discussed. And so I think it's a very fascinating topic. And I'm happy to talk about that with people. I think I do feel something of a vocation to gain expertise and to bring these issues to people's attention.

Seth Price 6:21

Yeah, I want to break apart some of those. And I wanted to start with, what do you want to do when you're done with your PhD stuff? So we'll talk a bit about what you're studying in your PhD work. But I'm really curious, what are you going to do when you're done? Like, are you going to teach? Are you going to write? Are you going to write and you're going to teach, are you going to change careers again? What are you gonna do?

Elizabeth Schrader 6:43

Probably all of that. (On the next career change) I mean I hope not. I don't feel as though this career change was my choice. I feel like it just sort of happened to me. I mean, I was getting a little bit burnt out on the music business. But at the same time, oftentimes new burnout, I mean I was a piano teacher, also, I could have just been piano teacher, that would have been a nice job. It's a great job. But this other thing happened, where I found out that my brain is really good at textual criticism, which is a really random kind of obscure, arcane, field within New Testament scholarship, where you compare variations in manuscripts. And you try to figure out what the author wrote or what the earliest circulating text was. And that's something that I certainly didn't grow up saying, that's what I wanted to do with my life. But I sort of stumbled upon it and found out that my brain works that way.

Which was surprising, because I was a full grown adult when I found that out. And I also learned that not very many women do that. And so it seems as though it would be a valuable contribution for me to do this type of thing, that my brain seems to be good at, especially in a field where women are underrepresented.

Seth Price 7:41

Yeah. You said the word early Christianity, earlier, that's a bad sentence. I don't know how to say it else-wise. What is when is early Christianity like is that the first 50 years the first 1000 years? What is that?

Elizabeth Schrader 7:54

Um, first 500 years, probably.

Seth Price 7:59

Okay.

Elizabeth Schrader 8:00

I mean, kind of my expertise drops off after the Council of Ephesus. Council of Ephesus in the mid fifth century. I know, a lot of stuff up till then basically, you know, pre concentrating and Christianity I'm very interested in because Constantine really affected how things turned out. But there was a lot of different sorts of Christianit”ies” before then. And so I'm interested in exploring what those were. And if there were certain aspects that may have been “suppressed”? And if so we should find them and bring them to light.

Seth Price 8:29

Yeah, absolutely.

And then you said textual variations. I don't know what that means. Like, that's, those aren't sentences that I…I know what those words mean, separately, but I don't know what they mean together.

Elizabeth Schrader 8:42

Okay, so we don't have any of the autographs of the books of the New Testament; that is the copy that the author handed to somebody else to copy. We just have copies of copies of copies. And so we have 1000s, of manuscripts of the New Testament. But of course, there was no printing press for the first 1500 years of the religion. And so people are just copying each other, and no two copies are alike.

Right now we have over 5000 manuscripts of the New Testament. But some of these are obviously more valuable than others. And there's like a whole study within itself of the text and how it developed over time. And it's the job of text critics to try to obtain the earliest texts that we can. We might not be able to find exactly what the author wrote, unfortunately, because the autograph is lost. So, usually, there's at least 100 years in between our oldest copy and the time of authorship.

So there's kind of a little black box in the text transmission that we aren't totally sure what happened in that black box. So the best that we can hope for is to go back to the earliest textual record that we have, but there still might be a gap in between what the author wrote and what we have access to.

Seth Price 9:55

Hmm, I watched a brief video of you talking a bit about some of that and things kept popping up in my brain that so I don't, what do I want to say…? So you'd asked me, we spoke yesterday for those listening, which I enjoyed, I might start doing more of those I did enjoy that. You had asked me whether or not inerrancy is the thing that that matters. It's not really the way that you said it. But for me, it's not. But I know many people that listen, maybe still hold to that, because there's a lot of people that listen to this show. And so I found myself wondering, why does textual variations and criticism matter for a Bible today? Because why should that matter? So if something changed that you'd uncovered would they even reprint the Bibles? Or no, like, what good does it ultimately do for a Christian just sitting in church today?

Elizabeth Schrader 10:46

Oh, well, yeah, they would, in fact, reprint the Bibles and they have. For instance, well, there's two things to keep in mind. There's different Bible printings and translations that make different decisions. So in the 19th century, a couple of manuscripts came to light that had never been studied before. That turned out to be very important Codices Vaticanus and Codices Sinaiticus, which are fourth century copies of the Bible. And they were like the oldest, complete, copies of the Bible that anybody had ever seen. And both of them did not have the last 16 verses of Mark's Gospel, is it 16 verses…the last section of Marks gospel verses 16:8-20. So I guess, the last 12 verses. And they also did not have the story of the woman caught in adultery. And these Bible verses so old, that people have theorized that they were some of the 50 Bibles that Constantine commissioned in the fourth century. He commissioned 50 Bibles to be made with, you know, imperial funds, because these are very deluxe editions on parchment, which means animal skin. You know, hundreds of animals died. Several professional scribes worked on these Bibles. They're very high quality.

And so it's possible, people have theorized we don't, we can't know for sure that could be as Codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, were two of those 50 Bibles. And if so, then that means in the fourth century, there was no story of a woman caught in adultery, there was no ending to Mark's gospel as we know it. So this caused a big shock in the 19th century, when that happened. And a lot of people, it challenged their faith. But if you look at a New Revised Standard translation today, you will see that both of those sections appear in brackets.

And I think there was actually the 1st Revised Standard Version, they put the story of the woman caught in adultery in the footnotes, and everybody got angry. So they put it back, but it's in brackets. So yes, you can cause the text of the Bible to change, it can change.

Seth Price 12:40

So many questions I want to ask on that. But that's not why I brought you on. Yeah. So I want to get to the work that you're doing. So you are writing and doing work around Martha, or Mary, maybe both, maybe I misunderstood. It's probably possible. I try to approach these from as much ignorance as possible, because I find if I can learn something other people probably can, too. So what some of the work that you're doing now, how did that kind of happen? What is that shifted? And then ultimately, where is that leading the work to? And I'm aware that those are massive questions, and we may not even have time to get to all of them.

Elizabeth Schrader 13:15

Well, I'll just start with the last thing you said; where it's leading to. It's really landing on the role of women in the church. That's where this is landing. Because what I've basically theorized, I have not proven but I have made a reasonable scholarly case, that there was a change made to the text of the Gospel of John, a pretty big one, in the second century. It would have had to be in the second century when this happened, for the purpose of diminishing Mary Magdalene, his role in the Gospel of John. And, fortunately, I think your audience is pretty biblically literate, right?

Seth Price 13:47

I hope so.

Elizabeth Schrader 13:49

I think they are.

Seth Price 13:50

I have been told that there's a high, what's the word my wife used at once, there's like a high entry point like you can't just…we just go into the to the level three rapids, there's no…

Elizabeth Schrader 14:01

Level three rapids!

Seth Price 14:02

You should already know how lifeboats work and life jackets work and paddles work. Which is probably bad. I don't know. Maybe it's not, doesn't matter, does it?

Elizabeth Schrader 14:12

Well, that's great. That means I don't have to spend quite as much time talking about some of these things. The way I got into it is I wrote a song about Mary Magdalene and I had read The Complete Idiot's Guide to Mary Magdalene after writing a song about her. And I said to myself, I want to look at the oldest manuscript of the Gospel of John and see if there was anything changed around Mary Magdalene in it, just out of curiosity. And I was a total lay person. I grew up going to church in the Episcopal Church.

I had written a song about Mary Magdalene and I was a professional musician and a piano teacher. I did not know Greek. I did not care about the Da Vinci Code (laughs). I did not have any particular like attachment one way or another. I just wanted to look at the oldest copy. And in the oldest copy of the Gospel of John there was nothing strange in the scene at the cross. Mary Magdalene is, or in John 20, where Jesus encounters Mary Magdalene, the risen Jesus in the garden on Easter morning. But I had read in my Complete Idiot's Guide to Mary Magdalene, that there has always been a question of whether Lazarus’ Sister Mary, often thought of as Mary of Bethany, should be identified as Mary Magdalene. That that's been a question throughout the history of the church.

So the last place that I looked in Papyrus 66 was at John 11. And again, I didn't read Greek, but I was using an interlinear study Bible, sounds like some of your people know what that is. And when I went to John, Chapter 11, I could see very clearly that the name Mary had been crossed out two times. And this is the oldest copy that exists of the Gospel of John. Papyrus 66, was discovered in 1952 and it was first published in 1958. So we haven't had it for that long. But scholars had been studying it, I found this in 2012.

So scholars have been studying it for over 50 years at this point. And when I saw this, I was like, “wait a second”. So the first time the name Maria, was changed to say, Martha. The second time, the name, Maria was changed to say, αι αδελφαι, “the sisters”.

And I didn't really know Greek, but I could see enough that it looked like they were adding Martha to the story. And I knew enough to know that Martha shows up in a different story in a different gospel, in the Gospel of Luke. In Luke 10, there's a story of Mary and Martha. Jesus goes to their house, or this cooking, and Mary is sitting at Jesus's feet. Martha says, tell my sister to help me. And Jesus says, “Martha, Martha, Mary has chosen the better part, and it will not be taken from her”. You notice that they don't have a brother, there's no brother in that story. Nobody is raised from the dead in the Gospel of Luke.

Also, that story happens a long way from Jerusalem. Jesus seems to be in Galilee, or Sameria, in that story at that point. And scholars, I've since learned, have noticed that. That it's a bit weird that Mary and Martha don't have a brother. And they don't seem to be Bethan in Luke's Gospel. So when I saw this thing, and Papyrus 66, with the name Mary getting changed Martha, and Mary getting changed to “the sisters”, I was like, it looks like they're adding Martha. It looks like the scribe is adding Martha to the story. Which is not a thought that would ever have occurred to me, because Mary and Martha go together, there are two peas in a pod. You don't separate Mary and Martha. But just looking at it that's what it looked like the scribe was doing it look like the scribe was adding Martha to the story. And when I discovered this, it was so shocking! And so I went back to the library, to the Brooklyn Public Library, and I started ordering articles on interlibrary loan to see anything that any scholar had said in the last 50 years about these changes.

Basically, everybody said, “Yeah, the name Maria was changed Martha, probably a mistake”. Oh, the name Maria, right after that is changed to the sisters. And all the verbs are changed from singular to plural.

Seth Price 18:02

It's a mistake.

Elizabeth Schrader 18:02

That's very weird. And that's where the scholarship had ended. They just said, that's so strange. This is the weirdest change in the whole papayas. And that was the end of the scholarship on it. And I was like, “What!” you know? This might be Mary Magdalene. People have always wondered if this person was Mary Magdalene. And this is the oldest copy that exists of the Gospel of John, there's one little fragment Papyrus 52, but it's only a couple verses. But Papyrus 66 has fragments of all 21 chapters. It's like a Codex that's still intact. And it's usually dated to about 200 AD, again, over 100 years after the gospel was written.

So that means that the Gospel of Luke has been circulating as well. And so it looks to me as though somebody, the scribe, has what I've since kind of concluded, or what I ended up theorizing is that the scribe had access to two copies of John, that's sort of what the scholarly consensus is on Papyrus 66. Like you’re a scribe, and your job is to copy this gospel. And so you have two copies that you're copying from, one that you're copying, and one that you're correcting against. So this scribe was trying to make a good copy. And it seems to me as though one of the scribes copies had Martha and the other one did not.

And the scribe is sort of trying to reconcile them, changing things here and there, and trying to make a good copy. And then after five verses, Martha becomes stable in the text of Papyrus 66. After John 11:5, Martha is there in Papyrus 66. But for the first five verses, Martha is kind of blinking in and out, the scribe doesn't seem certain of whether she belongs there. And so I realized, like, this might be Mary Magdalene, and maybe Martha doesn't belong there. And nobody's done anything about it.

So I enrolled in a master's program, basically, because I was like, I need to tell everybody. And so what a joy that I'm actually doing that. Look, I'm on your show, and I'm accomplishing that! I'm a singer songwriter in Brooklyn, and I found something weird and I wanted to tell people! Look I’m doing it and that’s great! (Chuckles)

Seth Price 20:04

(Chuckles)

Why does it matter that Martha is inserted into these texts? Like, what purpose does that serve to not invent a character? I wasn't there. So maybe she's real maybe she's not. It doesn't matter.

Elizabeth Schrader 20:15

Well she’s real in Luke, she's definitely real in Luke.

Seth Price 20:17

But why insert her into the other text? Like, what purpose does that possibly serve?

Elizabeth Schrader 20:21

I think that what it comes down to is the confession in the Gospel of John. The central Christological confession in John's Gospel belongs to Martha. Jesus says,

“I am the resurrection and the life. Those who believe in me, even though they die, will live,”

And he says,

Do you believe this?

And Martha says,

“Yes, Lord, I believe that you are the Messiah, the Son of God, the one coming into the world.”

That's generally accepted to be the central confession of the Gospel of John. And right now, it's on the lips of a minor character. Martha is a female, which is interesting, and it's a confession that has, since antiquity, been compared to Peter's confession in Matthew 16:16, where Jesus says, it is at Caesarea Philippi, Jesus says,

Who do you say that I am?

And Peter says,

You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.

And that's how Peter becomes “the rock” that the church is built on. And so I'm saying that in John's Gospel, a woman gets that which is remarkable in itself, but right now, it's a minor character. It's a character who, you know, she has that cooking moment and she has this confession, but she doesn't really have that much else. What's really interesting is that Tertullian who is one of the oldest church fathers that we have, he was writing it in like 210 AD. He had a previous call against practices. Every single manuscript Against Praxeas says that Mary gave the confession.

Seth Price 21:40

Hmm.

Elizabeth Schrader 21:42

Not only that, but going back as far as we have commenters, people think that Mary of Bethany is Mary Magdalene. There's always been division about this people that they would say, “Oh, she's from Magdala not Bethany!”

Seth Price 21:54

Is that a city, is that a title?

Elizabeth Schrader 21:57

There's a lot of towns called Migdal this, Migdal that, in antiquity, it just means “tower.” So there has been a little bit of a debate in scholarship over whether it's a title like Mary the Tower, or whether it thinks she's from the town called tower. Migdal Nunia is where they think she's from, in Galilee. But there's a lot of Migdal’s, and there's like Migdal Gad there's like eight of them or something. But we know that we're all over Palestine. And in fact, Eusebius of Syria who has a church father, right in the fourth century, he thinks that Magdala is in Judea, which is a totally different place where people think Magdala is today. So if there's there's actually no consensus, the word magdal just means tower.

The point is, is that there has been debate over whether Mary of Bethany is Mary Magdalene or not. And I'm saying that when you put Martha into the story, it confuses things. Because if it was just Lazarus and Mary, you would be more likely, as a reader of John's Gospel, if you're reading from beginning to end in John's Gospel, you'll be more likely to notice how very similar the Lazarus story is to the story of Jesus's resurrection from the dead. Obviously, there's a woman named Mary who is crying in both stories. And she sees somebody that she loves dearly raised from the dead and both stories. But there's other more subtle things such as they have the words like, you know, tomb, stone, also handkerchief—sudarium—which is a really unique Latin loanword. It's very rare word, that's found in both stories. Lazarus has the sudarium, and then there's the sudarium in the tomb that Mary sees.

But there's also Jesus says, “Where have you laid him”? “Pou tetheikate auton” (Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐτόν). And then the same question is asked, Mary asks Jesus when she thinks he's the gardener, “where have you laid him?” “Pou ethēkas auton” (ποῦ ἔθηκας αὐτόν)

So there's a deliberate parallelism created by the fourth evangelist, between the Lazarus story and the John 20 story that is not an accident. Not only that, but Mary goes on to anoint Jesus and she gets criticized. And he says, “Let her save it for the day of my burial”. There's only one woman named Mary who goes to Jesus's tomb in John's Gospel, it's Mary Magdalene.

So I'm suggesting that as the evangelist wrote the Gospel of John, it's not stated explicitly that it's Mary Magdalene, that gives the confession, but it's a woman named Mary, who does all the same things as Mary Magdalene. And there's these insinuations that this Mary who annoys Jesus, who's going to go to his burial, that she's probably Mary Magdalene. But what if you put Martha in the story that is derailed?

Seth Price 24:34

Hmm.

Elizabeth Schrader 24:35

Instead of making a connection with John 20 you're gonna think of Luke 10. You're distracted into the Gospel of Luke. You're not thinking about how similar Lazarus’ sister Mary is to Mary Magdalene anymore. Now you're thinking, (sarcastically) Oh, Mary, Martha, I love those ladies. They're so I love them. They're my favorite Bible characters!

And so you're not even thinking about that story with Jesus and Mary Magdalene anymore. And I'm saying, that's what that accomplishes. It accomplishes three things. It distracts you into the Gospel of Luke. So you don't see the parallelism. Second of all, it changes the identity of Mary. No more is she probably Mary Magdalene. Now she's the woman who sat quietly at Jesus's feet in Luke's Gospel—in Luke's Gospel that's not Mary Magdalene. And third of all, Martha has that all important confession. So I'm saying, imagine a gospel of John where Mary Magdalene, gives the confession, anoints Jesus, goes to the cross, only person at the empty tomb, Jesus appears to her first and she gets an apostolic commission, she's a very important character.

Seth Price 25:41

I don't know how to ask this well. So would this be? I have a couple questions. So is there some scribes sitting there saying, “mmmm…I can't…I don't want to submit to a female being this high up in the church? Because I don't want someone to contest with Peter”? Or is there someone, like are there four scribes that just went together and said, we're going to try to change as many copies as we have? That way, no one else knows the difference. Like, I can't see if someone changed the text that way. And it's circulating, and people are like, I saw a copy a few weeks ago, it didn't say this. That's not what this says, what the heck are you doing? Are those even really valid questions, or they just off-base?

Elizabeth Schrader 26:18

I wish we could go back in time and see what happened? Don't you want to know?

Seth Price 26:22

I do.

Elizabeth Schrader 26:23

I think the idea of a woman being in a similar leadership role to Peter would have been challenging. I mean, it's still challenging today, right? So think about how challenging it would have been in 200 AD, if somebody got that. But as far as what you're talking about, with the scribes, it's more likely to have been an editor than a scribe because scribes just are copying. There's somebody called like a diathortus (I’m sure I’ve misspelt this), who is in charge of like maybe a scriptorium, who is sort of deciding how the copies turnout and checking things. It might have been somebody like that, perhaps in an influential intellectual center, perhaps Alexandria, Papyrus 66, comes from Alexandria in Egypt, that's possible. I'd say that it's more likely that somebody in an early stage may have deliberately made a change like that. But the practice of scribes is to include as much as possible. And that's actually why this is such a clever correction. Because you don't want to miss anything. If this is the Word of God, and potentially the Word of God, you don't want to leave anything out. And that's one of the things we do know about scribal practices in antiquity, better safe than sorry. And so safe is to just include everything. So if you have one copy, where it's just Mary, and one where it's Mary and Martha, you're going to take the safe bet and do the one that has both sisters, because you don't want to miss anything.

So I think it's a very clever move on the editor's part. I should also point out that when I entered my master's program, I thought I was going to do a study of Papyrus 66 but what ended up happening was, I looked at transcriptions of over 100 manuscripts of John's Gospel, and I was able to go through every single verse where Martha shows up. And it turns out that Martha drops in and out of the text transmission throughout the text transmission. One in five manuscripts of the Gospel of John has something problematic around Martha, in fact you can reconstruct almost the entirety of John 11 without Martha. There's no manuscript, that we have, I mean, there's maybe there's one in a jar in Egypt, somewhere in the sands, but there's no manuscript that we have access to where Martha is completely gone. But by cobbling together different verses from different manuscripts, you can get almost the entire story [of] John 11:1 - John 12:7 without Martha, you just have to cobble it together.

Seth Price 28:51

So how does that rest in the academic world? Like when when someone like you comes in and says, this has been here all along what have you people been doing? Like, how does that…

Elizabeth Schrader 29:03

Oh! I don't say it like that.

Seth Price 29:05

That's what I would say, because I'm a sarcastic jerk.

Elizabeth Schrader 29:05

Yes, but I’m just some upstart doctoral student.

Seth Price 29:07

How does that how, does that…like, I can see myself as a professor, whatever in the background being like, “huh”. Like, well, how does that like How was that received? Or people were like, Oh, interesting. Tell me more. Yes. How can I help you? Here's more books like…

Elizabeth Schrader 29:20

It is the latter, fortunately.

Seth Price 29:21

Realy? Good!

Elizabeth Schrader 29:23

Yes. I mean, that's academia. Academia is the study of knowledge. You know, if we were in the business of apologetics, that would be something else. But in academia, you know, I applied to PhD programs, and I got, luckily, one of the best text critics in the world to be my advisor, Jennifer Knust and she also studies the manuscripts of the gospel of John. She studies the story of the woman caught in adultery. And so she knows that story extremely well. She knows the manuscript extremely well.

She has friends in Germany. She's friends with the guys who make the critical edition that all Bibles are translated from the Novum Testamentum Graece and she's friends with the British people who are now working on the Editio Critica Maior of the gospel of John, which is they're taking like every single manuscript, like hundreds of manuscripts, and showing every single reading. There's going to be a massive volume. Anyway, she believed in me, she took me on as her doctoral student. And then in because I got published in the Harvard Theological Review, I should mention that; it's not just that I found this cool thing, it's that I wrote it up. I submitted it to a top tier journal, which is maybe a little presumptuous as a master student for me to do that. But I'm, like….

Seth Price 30:33

It is only presumptuous if they don't publish it. It's only presumptuous, if they don't read it and go, there's something here.

Elizabeth Schrader 30:39

Well you have to write it in the right way. It's not just that I have a picture of the P66. I had to make a good argument. But I found out later that my peer reviewer was Elden Epp who was one of the world's most eminent text critics, which was, I was like, shocked, I like, my jaw hit the floor when I found that out. But he gave it a very positive review and it was published in 2017. And then once it was published, I could mail it to these guys in Germany, they read it and they said, “I was very impressed”. And then I was able to meet with them in Germany.

So I'm not going to say that I persuaded everybody, because I think what would be persuasive is if we found a copy with Martha completely gone, sort of like Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus is the story of the woman caught in adultery is gone. The ending of the Gospel of Mark is gone. That's very persuasive. We don't have any copies where Martha's completely gone. We can just create like an eclectic copy by piecing it together. But that's not quite the same thing as a copy where it's completely gone.

I think if a copy like that surfaced, then people would be…I mean, but I've also found a lot of ancient artwork where there's only one sister Actually, my friend, Ally Kateusz , has found a lot of these pieces of artwork; and I found some others as well, depicting the Lazarus story and there's just one sister, ancient, like fourth century sarcophagus. So I would just say it's creating a conversation that's being taken seriously.

Seth Price 32:03

Give me a minute, we'll be right back.

Seth Price 33:34

So what would be the time period for someone to find one from like, year A to year B, where you're like, yeah, if we would find a complete copy of john, from this time period, most likely we would find Martha not there. Like what would be those years?

Elizabeth Schrader 33:48

It would have to be in the second century. Because Origen of Alexandria, who writes in the third century, early third century, in his commentary on John's Gospel, he talks a fair bit about Martha. In fact, he says Martha is condemned. He seems to not have liked Martha, which I thought was kind of interesting, maybe Origen knew of different copies that said different things. But I think but Tertullian seems not to know Martha in John's Gospel at all. And he was writing in 210 AD. So I think you'd have to find a second century copy.

And we don't really have any other than that one fragment, Papyrus 52, that's like this big that has four verses of John 18, we don't have any second century papyrus or copies of the gospels. But you know what? It doesn't have to necessarily be a second century copy. It could be a 10th century copy of a second century copy. Maybe somebody had a second century copy sitting in their church and were “like this is so old, we need to redo this”. Or maybe an eighth century. You know what I mean? Like it's you just, I think that it's possible. I don't know I have a feeling that somewhere on this Earth, there is a copy without Martha and we haven't found yet, but perhaps people need to be ready for when we find it.

Seth Price 35:02

I mean, we find things we find new things all the time. So yeah, one of my favorite websites that I'm often blocked from reading everything is Haaretz they publish things all the time. And I hit the paywall I've had too many articles for the for the month and it bothers me.

Elizabeth Schrader 35:19

I don't know Haaretz or what is that?

Seth Price 35:21

It's, so I talked to you a bit about James McGrath in the past. So he often shares articles from there and I'm like, Oh, that's that's four paragraphs in and now come on!

Elizabeth Schrader 35:30

Ha! James McGrath is the best I saw you interviewed him as well.

Seth Price 35:34

He's been on twice. James is fun. I'd like to have him on, I want to talk to him about the Mandaeans (but I butcher the pronounciation)

Elizabeth Schrader 35:40

He says you're supposed to say “man-Die-ons, (but). I was taught Man-dee-ans until he said that. And now I just don't say it.

Seth Price 35:46

Before he said it. I didn't know that that was a thing. And then I've since dove into it. And I'm like, this is fascinating, really fascinating.

So I have a couple more questions specifically surrounding this. So I am aware or at least I've been told that some of the like, like the Coptic churches that Egyptian and Ethiopian Coptic churches like they have, like, their own subset of texts that they'll often study from? Are their versions of these gospels different than the ones that we're going from? Because I know some of their versions from what I've understood from the internet. So we'll say Wikipedia, tarnished me. Like, is it different in the different sects of the faith? Like the Protestant Bible versus the Catholic Bible versus the apocryphal with it in the Bible? Like, is there any interweaving of Mary and Martha interchanging or playing together throughout all the extra texts that are not in my 66 God ordained books of the Bible*, insert sarcastic asterik right there.

Elizabeth Schrader 36:43

(laugh)

The Coptic Orthodox Church split from the Catholic and the current Orthodox Church in the fifth century, over the nature of Christ. And so they do have like a different doctrine. They have a different doctrine of, I think, their miaphysite, which means they believe Christ only had one nature, instead of both the human and divine nature. So they're different in what they believe. But there are no Coptic copies without Martha. There are some ancient Coptic manuscripts. The thing is that the oldest manuscripts are from before that split. So you might be thinking about a doctrinal split that happened in the fifth century. Also, they have a different canon. They have extra books. Like they have 1st Clement, that's one of their books of their Bible, which is kind of awesome, like, their Bible is different. And I actually have a Coptic Christian friend here in North Carolina, who moved here when he from Egypt when he was 10. And all the evangelicals were trying to convert him. (laughs) Like his church is 1000 years older than the Protestant church. And they're like, what's wrong? Your Bible has an extra book. And it's like, okay, there's more than one kind of Christianity, my friends.

But the thing is that I have not proven that Martha was added to the Gospel of John. But it is a reasonable argument, when looking at the data. And if people want to read my Harvard theological review article, maybe I'll send you a link that you can put in the show notes.

Seth Price 38:07

I have it, I bought it, because I wanted, I wanted I wanted, it's like 20 bucks, 25 bucks, it's not expensive, like you can, you can just buy it. It's not. It's not really expensive. It's worth reading.

Elizabeth Schrader 38:17

So it's cambridge.org/ElizabethSchrader, you can see the Scripture being changed, yeah, by the scribes. And I'm just providing a reasonable motive for why they would do this. We know that Mary Magdalene was a controversial character. We know that from it looks like the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Mary, and the Gospel of Philip. They didn't make it into the Bible. I'm not saying that those are scripture. I'm not saying that they should be scripture. But they're telling us something about the debates that were happening in the second century, where apparently Mary Magdalene was controversial, especially Peter seemed to have a problem with her. That's what those texts say.

And so we have like a historical motive for why Mary Magdalene might be suppressed. We know that people thought that Lazarus’ sister, Mary, might have been Mary Magdalene. We know that we have people commenting on that in the third century apologists and the Manicheans, and then St. Ambrose, we have people who said that they thought that Lazarus, the sister Mary was Mary Magdalene, and we have this church father saying that Mary had the confession, which is so similar to Peter's confession in Matthew that makes him the rock that the church is built on. So I'm not saying it's a proof. But it's, it's, a reasonable argument. And also, one of the things I'm proudest of in that article on page 381. I do reconstruct the text without Martha using real readings from some of the most important manuscripts in the world. And you can get a chunk of Scripture with just Lazarus and Mary, John 11:1-5. And to me, I feel as though…what was the first question you asked me today who is Elizabeth Schrader, what is she here to do?

Seth Price 39:49

And why? I can't remember.

Elizabeth Schrader 39:53

If I die, and I recovered five verses of scripture to what the evangelists wrote then that's, that's something, that's something I'll be okay like having died and done that with my life if I really did recover five verses of scripture. I should also express that this is a faith based work for me, I was living at the seminary in Manhattan, the General Theological Seminary, I was going to chapel every day, praying every day. It comes from a place of…what I like about your podcast is it seems to be about people who love Jesus, and who love God, and who are trying to discern what God is asking from them. And I really feel that this is my vocation. And this is what I'm here to do.

And the other thing is, if I'm wrong, I'm just some girl who had an idea who got on some podcasts, and got a bunch of YouTube views. And she's some girl with an idea. But if it's true, that the scripture was changed, then nothing can stop it from coming to light, you know? Maybe it takes some time for it to come out. But if it's true, then there's nothing that can stop it. So I'm fine with it being one way or the other, either. I'm some girl with a crazy idea who might have a doctoral dissertation, who's on some library shelf somewhere, or I helped recover something that was lost for 1800 years. One or the other we'll find out?

Seth Price 41:26

Yeah. When do we find out? So how long does that take? A lifetime?

Elizabeth Schrader 41:30

Ask the Lord? (laughs from both)

I don't know. I mean, I would like to think that by talking with you, and others, raising awareness of it, I think makes a big difference and helping people to know about it. And I mean, I certainly don't want…

Seth Price 41:50

Does it require help, like, it's more than you can do alone, like, would it require other people to also begin to study it as well.

Elizabeth Schrader 41:57

I would love it if other people, for instance, I have now looked at about 250 manuscripts of John 11, there's about 5000. I would love for there to be a project, where we started just looking at every single copy in the world of John 11. And seeing what it says, it's possible. I haven't found any copies of the gospel where Mary gives the confession. But maybe there's some copies where like (it is), right now it's just a church father who said she did, a really important church father. But maybe there's some copies where Mary gives the confession. Maybe somewhere in some Greek monastery, there's a John 11, where Martha's totally gone, because it's a 10th century copy of a second century manuscript, you know.

I would like there to be some movement in scholarship. And that would take funding. I mean, if somebody is like I want to fund this project, great! I know a lot of scholars, great text critics who could use the funding, and we could like, for a year or six months or something, look at every single manuscript of John 11 and find out what they all say, or, you know, I don't know, maybe somebody, somebody, has a copy and they're hiding it, I don't know! It's okay, bring it forward!

Seth Price 43:00

This is the technophile, in me, or I don't know if that's the right word, the person that wonders is there not a way to just digitally scan or arbitrarily scan and have AI analyze specific portions of all of these copies and be like, here are the 17 or 170, or whatever, that possibly fit the parameters so that you can narrow down what you're looking for? Is that not a thing that exists?

Elizabeth Schrader 43:25

They have been digitizing images of all the manuscripts of the New Testament, which is very exciting. It's called the New Testament virtual manuscript room. It's awesome. Um, but the problem is the paleography, paleography changes.

Seth Price 43:39

I don’t know what that word means, paleography.

Elizabeth Schrader 43:40

Handwriting.

The writing style is totally different over the course of, you know, Papyrus 66, is written in like big capital letters. And then that kind of switches to the block, majuscule that Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus are written in, and then it turns into the miniscule which is really delicate, sort of lowercase,

Seth Price 44:13

So just not consistent.

Elizabeth Schrader 44:16

It's constantly changing. Maybe you could for the miniscule, but I mean, you just need somebody who can read the paleography. And also, sometimes some of the things are so subtle, like, an accent mark can change the meaning. And also the difference between the word Maria and the word Martha is just one letter, an yoda and a theta. It's just one letter. I mean, I don't think computers…computers could digitize but you need human eyes, trained human eyes, to look at the paleography to know what's going on.

Seth Price 44:31

Hmm, you know, have you seen a movie called, oh, man, let's call it Maria. It might actually be called Maria or Gloria or Clara. Clara is what it's called. It's on Amazon Prime. So hearing you describe looking through all of that there is a part where they're looking for something in outer space and they're looking at it by finding the pieces that are missing. So they're looking for like gravity changing light, like bending around planets and stars, where they can kind of and so they're just sitting there calming reams, and reams, and reams. And finally, they boasted like I found it. Here it is, I found it hearing you describe looking through all those manuscripts for some reason, I keep visualizing that in my head. It really does.

Elizabeth Schrader 45:10

That sounds great. I'm getting excited talking about this. I mean, because I don't know, it's just a feeling that I have, I feel that it's out there. I feel that the copy is out there. That there is a copy somewhere with Martha gone, and I want to find it. And maybe I'll find it in my lifetime. First, I have to get my doctorate my advisors like “Libby, you can't just do one thing. You know, you're not here to be a scholar of John 11”. I'm here to be a professor of early Christianity, I've also got to teach on what happened at Ephesus and Constantine and all that, you know, every all the, the Aryans and the, you know, the Diocletian Persecution and I have to know everything. So I can't I you know, it's easy to get obsessed with something like this.

Seth Price 45:50

There are worse hobbies than studying the Bible. There are worse hobbies than that. So final question, what is the divine? Like, what is God? How do you wrap words around that?

Elizabeth Schrader 46:02

Wow; oh, my gosh, come on! Like, that's such a hard core question.

Seth Price 46:06

Right‽ I like to start with existential. Who are you and what are you and why? And we'll end with existential.

Elizabeth Schrader 46:15

I think the divine is a mirror. I think that our life is reflective-but this is so deep, I'm supposed to just be historian on here. I think that the the experiences that we have, and the people that we encounter, are a mirror. And that's what the divine is, it's showing us who we are and what we need to learn. So my seeing you across the screen, and I should also share that for a long time I would do my prayers in the morning, I would say “and whoever is ready to hear this information, please bring it to them”. I used to say that prayer every day for like over a year. And today I was I was going on my walk. And I was just like, “hey, thanks God”, look at that. And there's a little time delay there. But I felt he was like, okay, my prayer that I was praying every day is being answered, you know, I'm I'm able to talk to people. And the thing is, is that not everybody is ready to hear this. So this podcast, I suppose, is a mirror for those of you who might be ready to hear it. I think God is always nudging us one way or the other to see what we're ready for.

Seth Price 47:21

Where do people go, Elizabeth? Normally, there's a book to buy or a website to go to. But that's a little different today. So where do people go to do whatever they should be doing as it relates to the topic,

Elizabeth Schrader 47:34

they can go to my website, Elizabethschrader.com. And in the press, there is if you go to the press page, you can see a bunch of links to like the Religion News Service or Daily Beast article written about it. And the religion News Service article has a link where you can read the Harvard Theological Review paper, you just click right through. If you want a summary of it, you can go to the Religion for Breakfast interview with Andrew Henry, you can see me and you can see pictures of the Papyrus there. And I also have a mailing list.

The thing is, this isn't the only textual problem right around the women. There are others and I'm working on them. And I present, I give presentations at conferences, I'm actually teaching a class at Duke it's called it's like a it's for lifelong learning. It's like a not for credit thing but people can sign up like I have a newsletter and people can find out if I'm teaching if they want to sign up and learn. So just go to my website Elizabethschrader.com.

Seth Price 48:28

To give people a taste of that. So in like 40 seconds, you said there are other issues with women in the Bible or whatever. What are those like high level just bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, what are those?

Elizabeth Schrader 48:40

Okay, well, obviously the story of the woman caught in adultery. That story is sometimes there in the Gospel of John, sometimes it's not. Sometimes it's at the end of the Gospel of John. Sometimes it's in the Gospel of Luke it depends on the manuscript. That story floats around, okay? Some manuscripts, when the Magnificat happens in Luke chapter one, sometimes Elizabeth sings the Magnificat instead of Mary.

Seth Price 49:03

Really?

Elizabeth Schrader 49:05

[In] Some really old manuscripts Elizabeth is the one sitting in the Magnificat. You're like, whoa!

Seth Price 49:09

Yeah, but family, right? It's still family.

Elizabeth Schrader 49:13

But she's saying the Lord has magnified me and has, you know, has raised me up from my I don't have it memorized. But, you know, Elizabeth was the one who is barren. So in some ways, okay, so is Elizabeth talking about her pregnancy with John the Baptist? It depends on the manuscript. There's also some manuscripts of John 20, where there's an extra part when Mary Magdalene encounters Jesus, some of them including including in Codex Sinaiticus, Mary runs to touch Jesus. And some copies [have an] extra half verse, depending upon the copy.

And there's others but these are the things, this is why textual criticism is so much fun. I hope to bring these text critical issues to people's attention and to do it in such a way that people are not scared. But to say the text is alive, and we can learn from it. And the Bible is a living document. And over time people have, people have added and taken away and changed, and we can being good text critics approach-do our best to see what the author wrote. But it's also important to see how the text was received over time. That in itself is also an important enterprise. textual criticism, I think, is just so fun.

Seth Price 50:33

I would agree. But I say that and right behind you is Robert Altars, massive trove of the Hebrew Bible. (Elizabeth looks in her house :) )

No, right behind me…right behind you. Like it's, I would turn this I can turn the screen. So it's right. I can't it's plugged in. It's my wife gets mad. She's like, you needed another copy of the Bible. I, this isn't the whole Bible. This is a portion of the Bible. And this is important.

Elizabeth Schrader 50:57

You've got some nice Greek grammar behind you.

Seth Price 50:59

I don't, I can't, I can't read that. I can't read any good. This has been a blast. I've enjoyed it, Elizabeth. Yeah. And I appreciate the work you're doing. I think it's…I'm hopeful that it changes things, mostly because I have two daughters.

Elizabeth Schrader 51:15

So if women were meant to have the same kind of leadership role as men, that's the Christianity that I want to be a part of.

Seth Price 51:41

talking with Elizabeth makes me wonder, what else possibly are we just overlooking because scholars told us that it was there. I wonder what things we just, if you use a metaphor, I wonder how many parts of Scripture we just walk right past, outside, because we don't recognize them. Because we weren't told to look for them. It's those little things that I continue to try to rip apart, personally, and it makes God so much bigger. And if bigger is a word that somehow makes you feel scared; because I've been told in the past and I get it that a big God, at least in those terms could be scary—grander is a better word. Amazing. I don't have words and I think that's why we just use the word God.

But dig into Elizabeth’s work, it is worth it. I think that you'll get a lot from it as I have and continue to do so. Consider supporting the show. I pray that you're blessed and I will talk to you next week.